scholarly journals The goal-relevance of affective stimuli is dynamically represented in affective experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erkin Asutay ◽  
Daniel Västfjäll
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Temporal Integration ◽  
Affective Experience ◽  
Affective Stimuli ◽  
Sensory Environment ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Ongoing Relationship ◽  
Goal Relevance ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Affective Impact

Affect is a continuous and temporally dependent process that represents an individual's ongoing relationship with its environment. However, there is a lack of evidence on how factors defining the dynamic sensory environment modulate changes in momentary affective experience. Here, we show that goal-dependent relevance of stimuli is a key factor shaping momentary affect in a dynamic context. Participants ( N = 83) viewed sequentially presented images and reported their momentary affective experience after every fourth stimulus. Relevance was manipulated through an attentional task that rendered each image either task-relevant or task-irrelevant. Computational models were fitted to trial-by-trial affective responses to capture the key dynamic parameters explaining momentary affective experience. The findings from statistical analyses and computational models showed that momentary affective experience was shaped by the temporal integration of the affective impact of recently encountered stimuli, and that task-relevant stimuli, independent of stimulus affect, prompted larger changes in experienced pleasantness compared with task-irrelevant stimuli. These findings clearly show that dynamics of affective experience reflect goal-relevance of stimuli in our surroundings.

scholarly journals Emotion schemas are embedded in the human visual system

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. eaaw4358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip A. Kragel ◽  
Marianne C. Reddan ◽  
Kevin S. LaBar ◽  
Tor D. Wager
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Human Visual System ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Sensory Environment ◽  
Stimulus Features

Theorists have suggested that emotions are canonical responses to situations ancestrally linked to survival. If so, then emotions may be afforded by features of the sensory environment. However, few computational models describe how combinations of stimulus features evoke different emotions. Here, we develop a convolutional neural network that accurately decodes images into 11 distinct emotion categories. We validate the model using more than 25,000 images and movies and show that image content is sufficient to predict the category and valence of human emotion ratings. In two functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, we demonstrate that patterns of human visual cortex activity encode emotion category–related model output and can decode multiple categories of emotional experience. These results suggest that rich, category-specific visual features can be reliably mapped to distinct emotions, and they are coded in distributed representations within the human visual system.

scholarly journals Perceptual stimuli with novel bindings interfere with visual working memory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Shepherdson
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Visual Interference ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Subsequent Recall ◽  
New Feature ◽  
Change Response

AbstractWhat influences the extent to which perceptual information interferes with the contents of visual working memory? In two experiments using a combination of change detection and continuous reproduction tasks, I show that binding novelty is a key factor in producing interference. In Experiment 2, participants viewed arrays of colored circles, then completed consecutive change detection and recall tests of their memory for stochastically independent items from the same array. When the probe used in the change detection test was novel (i.e., required a “change” response), subsequent recall performance was worse than in trials with matching (i.e., “no change”) probes, irrespective of whether or not the same item was tested in both phases. In Experiment 2, participants viewed arrays of oriented arrows, then completed a change detection (requiring memory) or direction judgement (not requiring memory) test, followed by recalling a stochastically independent item. Again, novel probes in the first phase led to worse recall, irrespective of whether the initial task required memory. This effect held whether the probe was wholly novel (i.e., a new feature presented at any location) or simply involved a novel binding (i.e., an old feature presented at a new location). These findings highlight the role of novelty in visual interference, consistent with the assumptions of computational models of WM, and suggest that new bindings of old information are sufficient to produce such interference.

scholarly journals The continuous and changing impact of affect on risky decision-making

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erkin Asutay ◽  
Daniel Västfjäll
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Temporal Integration ◽  
Risky Choice ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Risky Decision Making ◽  
Affective Experience ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Dynamic Representation ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Behavioral Evidence

Abstract Affective experience has an important role in decision-making with recent theories suggesting a modulatory role of affect in ongoing subjective value computations. However, it is unclear how varying expectations and uncertainty dynamically influence affective experience and how dynamic representation of affect modulates risky choices. Using hierarchical Bayesian modeling on data from a risky choice task (N = 101), we find that the temporal integration of recently encountered choice parameters (expected value, uncertainty, and prediction errors) shapes affective experience and impacts subsequent choice behavior. Specifically, experienced arousal prior to choice was associated with increased loss aversion, risk aversion, and choice consistency. Taken together, these findings provide clear behavioral evidence for continuous affective modulation of subjective value computations during risky decision-making.

Reference Scenarios for Bioproduct Assessments: soil carbon and standardized reference scenarios

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maggie Davis
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
Measurement Protocol ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Key Aspects

<p>Assumed effects on land attributes have important implications for nearly all aspects of social, environmental and economic sustainability as well as policy designed to enhance sustainable agriculture. Life-cycle assessments, technical-economic assessments, and sustainability assessments of agriculture and bioproduct industries often use computational models to contribute to an understanding of complex processes. However, because the impacts attributed to a specific process or product must be interpreted in terms of a “business as usual” case, the reference scenario is a key factor in interpreting assessment results. Further, predictions of change are not equivalent to knowledge or data from empirical studies and instead can reflect underlying assumptions and embedded uncertainty from large input datasets. For example, in estimating soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics, there is no internationally agreed SOC measurement protocol. This complicates the establishment of baseline scenarios for comparison across industries and continents (e.g. Brazil and the US: two of the largest bioproduct producers who often trade in equivalent products). If these models are used to accurately predict change and to justify the sustainability of a product, the reference scenario assumptions need to be realistic, measurable, and clearly documented. Justification for assumptions or simplifications should be based on published data and research that employs scientific principles and best available practices for measurement. We will present the results of a systematic literature review to determine the degree to which reference scenarios are explicitly defined when the effects of bioproducts are assessed; and to identify any published guidelines or rules for defining appropriate reference scenarios when assessing bioproducts. We will also present a summary of key aspects of a reference scenario and show the application of these principles to develop a SOC baseline for bioproduct assessments.</p>

scholarly journals Negative Emotional Experiences during Navigation Enhance Parahippocampal Activity during Recall of Place Information

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Chan ◽  
Oliver Baumann ◽  
Mark A. Bellgrove ◽  
Jason B. Mattingley
Keyword(s):  
Memory Task ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
Active Object ◽  
Affective Stimuli ◽  
Place Memory ◽  
Object Location Memory ◽  
Parahippocampal Cortex ◽  
Static Images ◽  
Emotional Events ◽  
Task Irrelevant

It is known that the parahippocampal cortex is involved in object–place associations in spatial learning, but it remains unknown whether activity within this region is modulated by affective signals during navigation. Here we used fMRI to measure the neural consequences of emotional experiences on place memory during navigation. A day before scanning, participants undertook an active object location memory task within a virtual house in which each room was associated with a different schedule of task-irrelevant emotional events. The events varied in valence (positive, negative, or neutral) and in their rate of occurrence (intermittent vs. constant). On a subsequent day, we measured neural activity while participants were shown static images of the previously learned virtual environment, now in the absence of any affective stimuli. Our results showed that parahippocampal activity was significantly enhanced bilaterally when participants viewed images of a room in which they had previously encountered negatively arousing events. We conclude that such automatic enhancement of place representations by aversive emotional events serves as an important adaptive mechanism for avoiding future threats.

scholarly journals HobPre: accurate prediction of human oral bioavailability for small molecules

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Wei ◽  
Xudong Zhang ◽  
Xiaolin Pan ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Changge Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Development ◽  
Small Molecules ◽  
Oral Bioavailability ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Input Variables

AbstractHuman oral bioavailability (HOB) is a key factor in determining the fate of new drugs in clinical trials. HOB is conventionally measured using expensive and time-consuming experimental tests. The use of computational models to evaluate HOB before the synthesis of new drugs will be beneficial to the drug development process. In this study, a total of 1588 drug molecules with HOB data were collected from the literature for the development of a classifying model that uses the consensus predictions of five random forest models. The consensus model shows excellent prediction accuracies on two independent test sets with two cutoffs of 20% and 50% for classification of molecules. The analysis of the importance of the input variables allowed the identification of the main molecular descriptors that affect the HOB class value. The model is available as a web server at www.icdrug.com/ICDrug/ADMET for quick assessment of oral bioavailability for small molecules. The results from this study provide an accurate and easy-to-use tool for screening of drug candidates based on HOB, which may be used to reduce the risk of failure in late stage of drug development. Graphical Abstract

Influence of previous affective experience in assessing affective stimuli

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (02) ◽  
pp. 234-241
Author(s):  
Humberto Madera-Carrillo ◽  
Priscila Berriel-Saez ◽  
Daniel Zarabozo ◽  
Lizbeth Díaz-Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Affective Experience ◽  
Affective Stimuli

Modeling of Thermal Propagation Based on Two Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yikai Jia ◽  
Jun Xu
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Thermal Runaway ◽  
Conduction Model ◽  
Propagation Behavior ◽  
Battery Packs ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Speed Of Propagation ◽  
Subsequent Propagation

Abstract In recent years, safety-related accidents caused by lithium-ion battery (LIB) failures have often been reported and highlighted in the news. Thermal runaway (TR), as one of the most critical failure modes, and subsequent propagation can lead to catastrophic consequences for the battery pack or LIB module. In this study, TR propagation behavior between two batteries was studied. During the experiments, the TR of the first battery was triggered by mechanical abusive loading. The 3D thermal runaway model is combined with the electrical and thermal conduction model to construct a battery model for the TR model. Two typical TR propagation modes were observed and summarized from the simulation results according to different battery spacings. The mechanisms of these patterns are further discussed through the combination of computational models. High overall temperatures and localized overheating are the two main modes of TR propagation. The state of charge (SOC) is also a key factor that determines the probability and the speed of propagation. In addition, a simplified mathematical model is provided to improve the computational efficiency. Our results provide theoretical insights into the basic understanding of the TR propagation within battery packs. Results lay a strong foundation to develop an effective and efficient computing framework for the safe design of battery modules.

scholarly journals Effects of awareness and task relevance on neurocomputational models of mismatch negativity generation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Insa Schlossmacher ◽  
Felix Lucka ◽  
Maximilian Bruchmann ◽  
Thomas Straube
Keyword(s):  
Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
Task Relevance ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Adaptation Model ◽  
And Task

AbstractDetection of regularities and their violations in sensory input is key to perception. Violations are indexed by an early EEG component called the mismatch negativity (MMN) – even if participants are distracted or unaware of the stimuli. On a mechanistic level, two dominant models have been suggested to contribute to the MMN: adaptation and prediction. Whether and how context conditions, such as awareness and task relevance, modulate the mechanisms of MMN generation is unknown. We conducted an EEG study disentangling influences of task relevance and awareness on the visual MMN. Then, we estimated different computational models for the generation of single-trial amplitudes in the MMN time window. Amplitudes were best explained by a prediction error model when stimuli were task-relevant but by an adaptation model when task-irrelevant and unaware. Thus, mismatch generation does not rely on one predominant mechanism but mechanisms vary with task relevance of stimuli.

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