scholarly journals Spectrum of the afterglow of sulphur dioxide

1934 ◽  
Vol 146 (859) ◽  
pp. 901-910 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Emission Spectrum ◽  
Discharge Tube ◽  
Sulphur Dioxide ◽  
Previous Investigation ◽  
Band System ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Electrical Excitation ◽  
Strong System ◽  
Considerable Intensity

Following a previous investigation of the afterglow of carbon dioxide it was decided to examine sulpur dioxide under similar conditions of experiment. An afterglow of considerable intensity and duration had, in fact, already been noted by Professors Sir J. J. and G. P. Thomson as occurring when sulphur dioxide was excited in a ring discharge, but no observations on its spectrum appear to have been recorded. Strutt has recorded an afterglow when ozone is passed over sulphur, but no glow was recorded with sulphur dioxide. The spectrum yielded by SO 2 in vacuum tubes varies greatly according to the conditions of excitation. With sufficiently powerful condensed discharges and a rather low pressure of the gas the molecules are dissociated into atoms and the spectrum consists of lines of oxygen and sulphur. With uncondensed discharges of moderate intensity and a suitable pressure of gas, the spectrum shows a strong system of bands degraded to the red which have been analysed by Henry and Wolff and attributed to the diatomic molecule SO; these bands are most intense in the region λ 2442 to λ 3941. Still weaker excitation yields an entirely different system of bands extending from the blue to about λ 2000, and there is evidence that these bands are due to undissociated molecules of SO 2 . The absorption of SO 2 is characterized by a large number of bands, which are most intense in the region λ 2800 to 3150. Owing to the continuous spectrum emitted by the gas during electrical excitation, this absorption may appear superposed on the emission spectrum in some forms of discharge tube. Recently Lotmar has reported on a band system excited in SO 2 by fluorescence.

scholarly journals Spectrum of the afterglow of carbon dioxide

1933 ◽  
Vol 142 (847) ◽  
pp. 362-369 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Discharge Tube ◽  
Electrical Discharge ◽  
Band System ◽  
Triatomic Molecule ◽  
Partial Analysis ◽  
Vacuum Tubes

When compounds of carbon and oxygen are excited to luminosity in vacuum tubes, they give rise to a large number of band systems, depending upon the conditions of electrical discharge. Most of these systems have been discussed by various authors, and on the basis of the theory of hand spectra have been attributed to transitions between different states of the molecule CO. Details of these systems, including those ascribed to the ionized molecule CO + , have been conveniently summarised by Jevons and by Kayser and Konen. Another band system (Deslandres' second negative) which occurs under favourable conditions has been attributed by Bair, and by Fox, Duffendack and Barker to the triatomic molecule CO 2 , since the bands appear most strongly in CO 2 , and are especially developed when a stream of this gas is passing through the discharge tube. The suggested CO 2 origin of these bands appears to be supported Smith's partial analysis of their structure.

Isotope Shifts and Rotational Analysis of the As32S+A1Π–X1Σ Band System

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 831-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Midori Shimauchi ◽  
Shiro Karasawa
Keyword(s):  
Emission Spectrum ◽  
Discharge Tube ◽  
Band System ◽  
Dissociation Limit ◽  
Rotational Analysis ◽  
Molecular Constants ◽  
Isotope Shifts ◽  
Dissociation Energies ◽  
Quantum Numbers

The emission spectrum of As32S+ and As34S+ has been excited in a quartz discharge tube by a 27 MHz oscillator. Vibrational isotope shifts have verified the vibrational quantum numbers of the upper and lower states. The 2–0, 1–0, 1–1, 0–1, 2–1, and 1–2 bands were chosen for the first rotational analysis of the As32S+ spectrum. The analysis has established that the transition is 1Π–1Σ. The principal molecular constants are as follows:[Formula: see text]Calculated dissociation energies based on the above constants and observed Tc suggest that X1Σ and A1Π have a common dissociation limit, As+(3P) + S(3P). In the upper state several perturbations have been found.

scholarly journals Emission spectrum of an electric-ionization high-pressure carbon dioxide laser

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-188
Author(s):  
V A Ageikin ◽  
Viktor N Bagratashvili ◽  
I N Knyazev ◽  
Yu A Kudryavtsev ◽  
V S Letokhov
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Emission Spectrum ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Laser

Emission spectrum of tri-B-fluoroborazine radical cation in the gas phase: ~A2A2'' .fwdarw. ~X2E'' band system

1979 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 2140-2142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor B. Jones ◽  
John P. Maier ◽  
Oskar Marthaler
Keyword(s):  
Emission Spectrum ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Radical Cation ◽  
Band System

Physiological responses and air consumption during simulated firefighting tasks in a subway system

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 671-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Michael Williams-Bell ◽  
Geoff Boisseau ◽  
John McGill ◽  
Andrew Kostiuk ◽  
Richard L. Hughson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Search And Rescue ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Physiological Strain ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Output ◽  
Subway System

Professional firefighters (33 men, 3 women), ranging in age from 30 to 53 years, participated in a simulation of a subway system search and rescue while breathing from their self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). We tested the hypothesis that during this task, established by expert firefighters to be of moderate intensity, the rate of air consumption would exceed the capacity of a nominal 30-min cylinder. Oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output, and air consumption were measured with a portable breath-by-breath gas exchange analysis system, which was fully integrated with the expired port of the SCBA. The task involved descending a flight of stairs, walking, performing a search and rescue, retreat walking, then ascending a single flight of stairs to a safe exit. This scenario required between 9:56 and 13:24 min:s (mean, 12:10 ± 1:10 min:s) to complete, with an average oxygen uptake of 24.3 ± 4.5 mL·kg–1·min–1 (47 ± 10 % peak oxygen uptake) and heart rate of 76% ± 7% of maximum. The highest energy requirement was during the final single-flight stair climb (30.4 ± 5.4 mL·kg–1·min–1). The average respiratory exchange ratio (carbon dioxide output/oxygen uptake) throughout the scenario was 0.95 ± 0.08, indicating a high carbon dioxide output for a relatively moderate average energy requirement. Air consumption from the nominal “30-min” cylinder averaged 51% (range, 26%–68%); however, extrapolation of these rates of consumption suggested that the low-air alarm, signalling that only 25% of the air remains, would have occurred as early as 11 min for an individual with the highest rate of air consumption, and at 16 min for the group average. These data suggest that even the moderate physical demands of walking combined with search and rescue while wearing full protective gear and breathing through the SCBA impose considerable physiological strain on professional firefighters. As well, the rate of air consumption in these tasks classed as moderate, compared with high-rise firefighting, would have depleted the air supply well before the nominal time used to describe the cylinders.

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