scholarly journals Energy distribution and stability of electrons in electric fields

1947 ◽  
Vol 188 (1015) ◽  
pp. 532-541 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
External Field ◽  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Electric Current ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Stationary State ◽  
Usual Method ◽  
Lattice Vibrations ◽  
Ionic Crystals ◽  
Free Electrons ◽  
Stationary Conditions

The behaviour of free electrons in ionic crystals in the presence of an external field is studied. It is shown that the usual method of calculating the electric current is incorrect. The correct solution shows that—on the usual assumption that electrons are scattered by the lattice vibrations only—a stationary state is impossible. Stationary conditions can probably be obtained by considering collisions between electrons as well. For very small electron density, however, these latter collisions are negligible. It is shown that in this case the possibility of reaching stationary conditions depends on the behaviour of electrons whose energy is large enough to ionize or excite ions of the lattice.

scholarly journals Theory of electrical breakdown in ionic crystals. II

1939 ◽  
Vol 172 (948) ◽  
pp. 94-106 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
External Field ◽  
Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Ionic Crystal ◽  
Electrical Breakdown ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lattice Vibrations ◽  
Ionic Crystals ◽  
Electrical Fields

Recently a theory of electrical breakdown in solids has been developed (Fröhlich 1937). This theory is based on the idea that electrical breakdown is a phenomenon due to the acceleration of electrons, as has been suggested by von Hippel (1935) and others. The critical field strength at which the breakdown occurs has been calculated in the following way: In strong external electrical fields, there are always some electrons in the conduction levels of an ionic crystal. These electrons, which are not in thermal equilibrium with the lattice, may be brought into these levels by cold emission or by some similar “pulling out” mechanism. Such an electron will make collisions with the lattice vibrations and thus lose per second a certain energy B ( E ), which depends upon its kinetic energy E . On the other hand, it will gain per second an energy A ( E, F ) from the external field F . Now it has been shown in I that B decreases but that A increases with increasing energy E . Thus there exists always an energy E' for which A = B . An electron with energy E less than E' will, on the average over several collisions, lose energy, whereas an electron with E greater than E' will gain more and more energy.

Lattice Vibrations and Optical Waves in Ionic Crystals

Nature ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 167 (4254) ◽  
pp. 779-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
KUN HUANG
Keyword(s):  
Lattice Vibrations ◽  
Ionic Crystals ◽  
Optical Waves

scholarly journals Correlation Between the Electric Current Generated by a Bean Root Growing in Water and the Rate of Elongation of the Root

1955 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
BIH Scott AL Mcaulay ◽  
Pauline Jeyes
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Bean Root ◽  
Methods Of Measurement

Methods of measurement of the electric fields produced by plants have been developed which eliminate artefacts commonly present in such investigations.

scholarly journals Analysis of Pole-Ascending–Descending Action by Insects Subjected to High Voltage Electric Fields

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshinori Matsuda ◽  
Yoshihiro Takikawa ◽  
Koji Kakutani ◽  
Teruo Nonomura ◽  
Hideyoshi Toyoda
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Negative Charge ◽  
Sitophilus Oryzae ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Insect Behavior ◽  
Free Electrons ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Direct Current Voltage ◽  
Oppositely Charged

The present study was conducted to establish an electrostatic-based experimental system to enable new investigations of insect behavior. The instrument consists of an insulated conducting copper ring (ICR) linked to a direct current voltage generator to supply a negative charge to an ICR and a grounded aluminum pole (AP) passed vertically through the center of the horizontal ICR. An electric field was formed between the ICR and the AP. Rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) was selected as a model insect due to its habit of climbing erect poles. The electric field produced a force that could be imposed on the insect. In fact, the negative electricity (free electrons) was forced out of the insect to polarize its body positively. Eventually, the insect was attracted to the oppositely charged ICR. The force became weaker on the lower regions of the pole; the insects sensed the weaker force with their antennae, quickly stopped climbing, and retraced their steps. These behaviors led to a pole-ascending–descending action by the insect, which was highly reproducible and precisely corresponded to the changed expansion of the electric field. Other pole-climbing insects including the cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne), which was shown to adopt the same behavior.

Electronic structure of POPC phospholipids under constant electric field

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (22) ◽  
pp. 1750157
Author(s):  
Jaciéli Evangelho de Figueiredo ◽  
Leandro Barros da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Structure ◽  
Dipole Moment ◽  
External Field ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Electric Dipole Moment ◽  
Electric Dipole ◽  
Constant Electric Field ◽  
Ab Initio Study ◽  
Electronic And Structural Properties

We report in the present paper an ab initio study on the electronic and structural properties of phospholipidic membranes under the influence of electric fields. We show that the external field alters the charge distribution of the molecule leading to a modification in the electric dipole moment. The torque on the phospholipid may then cause a transmembranar stress, which by its turn, weakens the membrane allowing to the formation of a pore.

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