The Cytology and Histochemistry of the Neurones of Periplaneta americana

1961 ◽  
Vol s3-102 (59) ◽  
pp. 399-405
Author(s):  
DOREEN E. ASHHURST
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscope ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Bodies

The only cytoplasmic inclusions visible in the neurones by the light microscope are the lipochondria and mitochondria. It is suggested that the Golgi bodies, seen in preparations made by the Golgi techniques, are produced by the deposition of osmium or silver on the surface of the lipochondria. The lipochondria consist of phospholipids and cerebrosides. There is also some lipid in the cytoplasm, together with carbohydrates, proteins, and RNA.

Memoirs: A Study of the Cytoplasmic Inclusions and Nucleolar Phenomena during the Oogenesis of the Mouse

1933 ◽  
Vol s2-75 (300) ◽  
pp. 697-721
Author(s):  
R.A. R. GRESSON
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Follicle Cell ◽  
Nuclear Body ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Nucleolar Material

1. The Golgi apparatus of the germinal epithelium consists of a dark mass of material situated at one pole of the nucleus. The mitochondria occur scattered throughout the cytoplasm. 2. The Golgi material of the very early oocyte consists of rods and granules clumped together to form a large body at one pole of the nucleus; smaller masses of Golgi material may also be present. 3. In the young oocyte, surrounded by a follicle wall, a single juxta-nuclear body is present; at a later stage the individual Golgi elements break away from the juxta-nuclear body and become distributed throughout the ooplasm. 4. In the late oocytes the Golgi elements occur in close association with the mitochondrial clumps and also scattered through the ooplasm. In tubal eggs the Golgi bodies are smaller in size and more numerous than in the ovarian ova. 5. It is concluded that the large mitochondria of Lams and Doorme correspond to the oocyte Golgi elements of the present contribution. The behaviour of the Golgi material during the growth of the ovum resembles that of the eggs of other mammals. The present findings on the structure of the juxta-nuclear Golgi material agrees with Nihoul's account for the rabbit. 6. The mitochondria of the young oocytes occur scattered through the ooplasm, but are more numerous in the vicinity of the nucleus and Golgi material. Later, the majority of the mitochondria become collected into clumps; in the tubal eggs the mitochondrial clumps are more numerous. 7. The Golgi apparatus of young follicles is situated between the follicle-cell nucleus and the pole of the cell directed towards the oocyte; in follicles consisting of several layers the position of the Golgi apparatus varies, while in fully-formed follicles the Golgi material of many of the cells surrounding the follicular cavity are directed towards the cavity. This agrees with Henneguy's findings for the Golgi apparatus of the follicle-cells of the guinea-pig. The mitochondria of the follicle-cells occur scattered through the cytoplasm but are more numerous towards the pole of the cell adjoining the oocyte. 8. The number of nucleoli present in the early oocyte varies from one to five; the majority of the older oocytes contain a single nucleolus but two may be present. Extrusion into the ooplasm of nucleolar material takes place; the nucleoli and the nucleolar extrusions are basophil (Mann's methyl-blue eosin). 9. Fatty yolk is not present in the mouse ovum. It is suggested that the Golgi elements and mitochondria play some part in yolk-formation, and that some of the granules formed by the fragmentation of the nucleolar extrusions are added to the yolkglobules already present. The yolk-globules of unsegmented tubal eggs are situated towards one pole of the cell; at the twocell stage they appear to be evenly distributed between the two cells. 10. In degenerating eggs the mitochondria are clumped; the Golgi bodies occur in small groups or are closely applied to the mitochondrial clumps. In eggs which have undergone fragmentation the Golgi bodies occur in groups, while the majority of the mitochondria are clumped. The fat-globules, previously recorded by Kingery in degenerating eggs, were identified. In material treated by Ciaccio's method for the identification of fats, appearances suggest that the Golgi elements, and possibly the mitochondria, give rise to fat. Yolk-globules could not be distinguished in the late stages of these eggs.

Axon Structure and the Dictyosomes (Golgi Bodies) in the Neurones of the Cockroach, Periplaneta Americana

1960 ◽  
Vol s3-101 (56) ◽  
pp. 381-388
Author(s):  
V. B. WIGGLESWORTH
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Fibre ◽  
Nerve Cell ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ethyl Gallate ◽  
Golgi Bodies

The large axons in Periplaneta are composed of bundles of osmiophobe strands about 0.5 µ. thick which fan out into the body of the nerve-cell. These strands are here termed ‘neurofibrils’; it is suggested that the dictyosomes (Golgi bodies) are concerned in their secretion. The dictyosomes are well stained by the osmium and ethyl gallate method. Each dictyosome surrounds or is applied to an unstained canal which runs into the cytoplasm and is believed to be continuous with the ‘neurofibrils’ as defined. There are all intermediate stages between thin fusiform sheaths of osmiophil material around the ‘neurofibrils’ and the thick rings or cuffs which form the dictyosomes. The clear canals through the dictyosomes are arranged in the main concentrically around the nucleus in the body of the cell; they commonly converge upon the nerve-fibre in the axon cone.

scholarly journals Ultrastructure and Differentiation in Chara Sp.I. Vegetative Cells

1967 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 539 ◽  
Author(s):  
JD Pickett-Heaps
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Cytoplasmic Streaming ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Membrane Systems ◽  
Close Apposition ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
And Function ◽  
Vacuolated Cells

The ultrastructure of young growing cells of Ohara is described. The cells showed many features typical of plant cells. The nuclei of larger cells invariably contained groups of close�packed, heavily staining microtubular elements. Typical wall microtubules were always found, and large internodal cells contained filaments possibly involved in cytoplasmic streaming. Vacuolation in young internodes apparently commenced by extensive dilation of elements of the endoplasmic reticulum. In other cells, close apposition of endoplasmic reticulum to cytoplasmic inclusions indicated possible secretion of material into the organelles had been occurring. Golgi bodies with intercisternal elements were often grouped together, sometimes with interconnected cisternae. Isolated reticulate membrane systems, similar to those found at the reticulate face of golgi bodies, were sometimes seen in vacuolated cells. The golgi bodies might have been involved in vacuolation; they were also seen in association with coated vesicles that appeared to be involved in wall deposition. A large number of different cytoplasmic inclusions were found, whose nature and function is obscure. These sometimes contained crystal.like bodies.

The ultrastructure of the capsule of the larval stages of Moniliformis dubius (Acanthocephala) in the cockroach Periplaneta americana

Parasitology ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Mercer ◽  
W. L. Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Periplaneta Americana ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Acanthocephalan Parasite

The capsule, which surrounds the acanthocephalan parasite Moniliformis dubius in its intermediate host, the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, has been studied in the electron microscope. Some observations were also made with the light microscope.The capsule surrounding the developing parasite (acanthella) taken from the haemocoel of its host consists largely of closely packed vesicles, which are empty of electron-dense contents.The vesicles arise from the surface membrane of the insect's haemocytes, which surround the parasite. Long tubular protrusions arise from the haemocyte's surface and, on separating, swell to form rounded vesicles.The capsule, which surrounds the later resting stage (cystacanth), has apparently been stretched by the growth of the parasite after haemocytic activity has declined. An amorphous, electron–dense component is also evident at this stage.We are grateful to Mrs A. Baker and Miss R. Jantunen for their technical assistance and to Dr A. C. S. Crossley for his comments on the work.

scholarly journals The Fine Structure of the Parathyroid Gland

1958 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry Steven Trier
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Parenchymal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Perivascular Spaces ◽  
Chief Cells ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Endocrine Tissues

The fine structure of the parathyroid of the macaque is described, and is correlated with classical parathyroid cytology as seen in the light microscope. The two parenchymal cell types, the chief cells and the oxyphil cells, have been recognized in electron micrographs. The chief cells contain within their cytoplasm mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi bodies similar to those found in other endocrine tissues as well as frequent PAS-positive granules. The juxtanuclear body of the light microscopists is identified with stacks of parallel lamellar elements of the endoplasmic reticulum of the ergastoplasmic or granular type. Oxyphil cells are characterized by juxtanuclear bodies and by numerous mitochondria found throughout their cytoplasm. Puzzling lamellar whorls are described in the cytoplasm of some oxyphil cells. The endothelium of parathyroid capillaries is extremely thin in some areas and contains numerous fenestrations as well as an extensive system of vesicles. The possible significance of these structures is discussed. The connective tissue elements found in the perivascular spaces of macaque parathyroid are described.

scholarly journals On the nature of "golgi bodies” in fixed material

1927 ◽  
Vol 101 (712) ◽  
pp. 468-483 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Osmic Acid ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Fixed Material ◽  
Curved Rods ◽  
Definite Difference ◽  
Cytoplasmic Structures

A great deal has been published in recent years upon cytoplasmic structures appearing in fixed material. Among them, those described as Golgi elements, bodies, apparatus and dictyosomes have, perhaps, received most attention. It is unfortunate that these, together with other structures, have been classed as “Cytoplasmic inclusions” (Gatenby, 1917-21, and others). This is a misleading term which obviously does not convey the meaning intended.. The structures or bodies referred to are supposed to arise in the cytoplasm,, or, being credited with the power of multiplication and development, to be handed on in the cytoplasm from one cell generation to another. The Golgi apparatus is described as being “ of very wide distribution among the cells of higher animals, and is known in the Protozoa, • everywhere showing the same general characters ; and there is reason to believe that the same may be true of plant cells, though considerable doubt concerning this still exists.” (Wilson, 1925.) The apparatus or elements may vary from a localised, network to scattered granules, curved rods, plates or ring-like bodies. The Golgi elements are soluble in acetic acid, and hence it has been assumed that they escaped the notice of earlier observers. No acetic acid, a very usual ingredient of fixatives, is used in the treatment of material in which Golgi elements are to be demonstrated. While chondriosomes, in suitably fixed preparations, darken in osmic acid (OsO 4 ), the Golgi apparatus appears intensely black; hence the two are sometimes supposed to be chemically related. It is claimed that chondriosomes may be differentiated from Golgi bodies by washing the preparation that has been treated with osmic acid in turpentine, when the chondriosomes turn brown, the Golgi bodies remaining intensely black. (Gatenby, 1921.) The chondriosomes, after fixation, are not dependent for their demonstration upon reduction of the reagent used (e. g., OsO 4 or A g NO 3 .), but will stain with certain aniline dyes. Hence it seems probable that there is a definite difference between them and the Golgi elements. [It seems likely that many of the structures produced by the OsO 4 process and labelled chondriosomes are not the same as those demonstrated by other methods. ( April 12, 1927.)]

scholarly journals Memoirs: Cytoplasmic Inclusions in the Eggs of certain Indian Snakes

1933 ◽  
Vol s2-76 (302) ◽  
pp. 243-256
Author(s):  
KRISHNA BEHARI LAL
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Region ◽  
Follicle Cells ◽  
Cortical Region ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
The Individual

1. Golgi bodies are juxtanuclear in the early stages after which they migrate towards the cortex, getting finally dispersed in the cytoplasm. Some of the elements in the early stages swell up and become round; this stage is followed by the formation of fatty-yolk bodies. In general the individual Golgi elements have a lightly staining centre surrounded by a heavily impregnated rim. Sometimes they also appear as crescents in section. These bodies are also present in the theca and the follicle cells of the oocyte and periodically ‘infiltrate’ inwards into the cortical region. 2. Mitochondria are feebly developed, and whenever met with are granular in early stages and dust-like and more peripheral in advanced oocytes. 3. Patty yolk is short-lived and is formed in the cytoplasm under the influence of a number of Golgi bodies. 4. Albuminous yolk appears late in the development of the oocyte. It arises in the cytoplasm, sometimes in vesicles and sometimes in association with mitochondria in the peripheral region. 5. The four species of snake examined, Zamenis mucosus, Gongylophis conicus, Tropidonotus stolatus , and Tropidonotus piscator, are not very dissimilar with regard to the origin and behaviour of their cytoplasmic inclusions.

The Cytoplasmic Inclusions of the Neurones of Certain Insects

1956 ◽  
Vol s3-97 (38) ◽  
pp. 177-186
Author(s):  
S. K. MALHOTRA
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Homogeneous Structure ◽  
Duplex Structure ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Basic Dyes ◽  
Comprehensive Study

A comprehensive study of the thoracic neurones of fifth instar and immature adults of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forsk., and of adults of the water-bug, Laccotrepkes rubra Fabr., has been made by employing the latest cytological techniques and phasecontrast microscopy. The mitochondria are seen as granules stainable in life with Janus green. Alignment of granules into filamentous mitochondria has also been observed in fixed preparations. The Golgi bodies (lipochondria of Shafiq) are sudanophil, osmiophil, and argentophil spheroids. The bigger spheroids show a duplex structure. There is a chromophil, cortical, lipid component, which may be in the form of a complete ring (Schistocerca) or in the form of one or two granules or a crescent (Laccotrephes), and a chromophobe medulla stainable with the basic dyes, neutral red and methylene blue. The smaller Golgi bodies in Schistocerca show a homogeneous structure. The Golgi bodies have not been observed to be engaged in any secretory activity. Neurofibrillae have been observed in the neurones of the insects studied.

A Morphological and Histochemical Study of the Oocytes of the Fish, Ophiocephalus punctatus, with particular Reference to Lipids

1958 ◽  
Vol s3-99 (46) ◽  
pp. 149-158
Author(s):  
H. C. CHOPRA
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Histochemical Study ◽  
Lipid Bodies ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Golgi Bodies ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
First Category ◽  
Lipid Granules ◽  
Second Category ◽  
Fish Oocytes

The cytoplasmic inclusions of the growing oocytes of the fish, Ophiocephalus punctatus, have been studied both morphologically and histochemically. It has been observed that the non-yolky oocytes of early stages consist of granules of two types, namely the mitochondria and the lipid granules of first category (L1). The mitochondria are smaller granules, and they are found to be protein in nature with traces of lipids. The bigger granules (L1) consist of phospholipids only; they correspond to the so-called ‘Golgi bodies’ of earlier workers on fish oocytes. The yolk found in the late oocytes is of two types. The first type of yolk globules, which appear with the approach of the breeding season, consist of lipids only, and have been described as lipid bodies of the second category (L2). At first they are spheres consisting of phospholipids and triglycerides, but in the mature eggs they are transformed into big fat globules containing triglycerides only. The second type of yolk, which appears later, is in the form of spheres, rich in proteins and lipoproteins. Lastly there is ‘vacuolar yolk’, rich in carbohydrates and proteins; this develops in vacuoles.

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