scholarly journals Investigations on Mediterranean kala azar. XI A study of leishmaniasis in Canea (Crete)

1938 ◽  
Vol 125 (841) ◽  
pp. 491-516 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Preliminary Survey ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Endemic Focus ◽  
Local Species

In previous communications (Adler and Theodor 1931, 1935) the following sandflies of the major group were recorded from Greece: Phlebotomus major , P. perniciosus var. tobbi, P. chinensis var. simici and P. perfiliewi (syn. P. macedonicus ). P. perfiliewi was at first suspected as the carrier of visceral leishmaniasis in Greece, for it was the only sandfly of the major group known from this country up to 1931, the other species not having been found to occur in the peninsula and islands till 1932. A rapid survey carried out during August 1932 in Athens and the vicinity of Argos indicated that the distribution of P. major in these parts corresponded closely to that of visceral leishmaniasis, and feeding experiments on infected dogs carried out in Catania and Sicily showed that this species is even more receptive for Leishmania infantum than is P. perniciosus (1932). It was thought advisable to make an intensive study of a single endemic focus in Greece in order to test the conclusions made on the basis of the preliminary survey and compare the role of the various local species of sandfly of the major group as vectors of visceral leishmaniasis.

scholarly journals Sexual and vertical transmission of visceral leishmaniasis

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (04) ◽  
pp. 403-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreia P Turchetti ◽  
Tayse D Souza ◽  
Tatiane A Paixão ◽  
Renato L. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Vertebrate Host ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Phlebotomine Sand Flies

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important zoonosis caused by Leishmania infantum, which has in the domestic dog its principal vertebrate host. VL is usually transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies, however atypical routes of transmission have been described. In this review we discuss the the role of sexual and vertical transmissions, and their role in the maintenance of VL in canine populations.

scholarly journals How effective is dog culling in controlling zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis? a critical evaluation of the science, politics and ethics behind this public health policy

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Henrique Nery Costa
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Brazilian Government ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Scientific Results

INTRODUCTION: Zoonotic kala-azar, a lethal disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania is considered out of control in parts of the world, particularly in Brazil, where transmission has spread to cities throughout most of the territory and mortality presents an increasing trend. Although a highly debatable measure, the Brazilian government regularly culls seropositive dogs to control the disease. Since control is failing, critical analysis concerning the actions focused on the canine reservoir was conducted. METHODS: In a review of the literature, a historical perspective focusing mainly on comparisons between the successful Chinese and Soviet strategies and the Brazilian approach is presented. In addition, analyses of the principal studies regarding the role of dogs as risk factors to humans and of the main intervention studies regarding the efficacy of the dog killing strategy were undertaken. Brazilian political reaction to a recently published systematic review that concluded that the dog culling program lacked efficiency and its effect on public policy were also reviewed. RESULTS: No firm evidence of the risk conferred by the presence of dogs to humans was verified; on the contrary, a lack of scientific support for the policy of killing dogs was confirmed. A bias for distorting scientific data towards maintaining the policy of culling animals was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Since there is no evidence that dog culling diminishes visceral leishmaniasis transmission, it should be abandoned as a control measure. Ethical considerations have been raised regarding distorting scientific results and the killing of animals despite minimal or absent scientific evidence

scholarly journals Resistance to Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis in Mice Infected With Leishmania infantum Requires Batf3

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Soto ◽  
Laura Ramírez ◽  
José Carlos Solana ◽  
Emma C. L. Cook ◽  
Elena Hernández-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Basic Leucine Zipper ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Deficient Mice

Unveiling the protective immune response to visceral leishmaniasis is critical for a rational design of vaccines aimed at reducing the impact caused by this fatal, if left untreated, vector-borne disease. In this study we sought to determine the role of the basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like 3 (Batf3) in the evolution of infection with Leishmania infantum, the causative agent of human visceral leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean Basin and Latin America. For that, Batf3-deficient mice in C57BL/6 background were infected with an L. infantum strain expressing the luciferase gene. Bioluminescent imaging, as well as in vitro parasite titration, demonstrated that Batf3-deficient mice were unable to control hepatic parasitosis as opposed to wild-type C57BL/6 mice. The impaired microbicide capacities of L. infantum-infected macrophages from Batf3-deficient mice mainly correlated with a reduction of parasite-specific IFN-γ production. Our results reinforce the implication of Batf3 in the generation of type 1 immunity against infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Investigations on Mediterranean kala azar IX—Feeding experiment with phlebotomus perniciosus and other species on animals infected with leishmania infantum

1935 ◽  
Vol 116 (801) ◽  
pp. 516-542 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Small Proportion ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Large Majority ◽  
Feeding Experiment ◽  
Phlebotomus Perniciosus ◽  
Short Forms ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Kala Azar

In the present paper it is intended to analyse the results of feeding experiments with Phlebotomus perniciosus on animals infected with various strains of Leishmania infantum carried out during 1930, 1931, 1932 and 1933. In a previous paper (1931) the results of feeding experiments carried out on a Chinese hamster from June 18 to October 22, 1930, were discussed. Only 330 sandflies infected by feeding on a Chinese hamster inoculated with Catania strains of L. infantum were included, and the results obtained appeared fairly uniform but for one point. A large majority of sandflies had an infection in which flagellates described as "long forms" predominated and only a small proportion (5%) were infected with "short forms" Proboscis infections ( i. e ., infections in the epipharynx) were observed mainly among the latter. The "short form infections" were observed from September 20 till the end of the sandfly season in 1930.

First detection of Leishmania infantum DNA in Phlebotomus longicuspis Nitzulescu, 1930 from visceral leishmaniasis endemic focus in Algeria

2012 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 419-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zohra Berdjane-Brouk ◽  
Remi N. Charrel ◽  
Boussad Hamrioui ◽  
Arezki Izri
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Endemic Focus

An unusual case of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in a patient with HIV and visceral leishmaniasis co-infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1221-1223
Author(s):  
Tamara Elliott ◽  
Jacqueline Simpson ◽  
Kikkeri N Naresh ◽  
Diana Lockwood ◽  
Angela C Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Vector Borne Disease ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Vector Borne

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a vector-borne disease caused by Leishmania donovani complex. Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a rash that can occur following treatment for VL due to L. donovani species. We describe an unusual case of PKDL occurring during treatment for Leishmania infantum VL in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus-co infection.

scholarly journals Accelerated Control of Visceral Leishmania donovani Infection in Interleukin-6-Deficient Mice

2008 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 4088-4091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry W. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Leishmania Donovani ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Therapeutic Blockade ◽  
Th1 Cell ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Type Response ◽  
Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT In patients with visceral leishmaniasis, increased levels of circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6) regularly accompany fully expressed, progressive infections (kala-azar). To experimentally test the role of IL-6, responses to an intracellular Leishmania donovani infection in the livers of IL-6−/− and wild-type mice were compared. IL-6−/− mice showed an enhanced control of the infection and earlier, rapid parasite killing along with additional evidence of a stimulated antileishmanial Th1-cell-type response: increased levels of circulating gamma interferon, accelerated granuloma assembly, and heightened responsiveness to chemotherapy. In this model of visceral leishmaniasis, IL-6 appears to act in a suppressive, macrophage-deactivating fashion, which identifies it as a potential target for therapeutic blockade.

scholarly journals Seroepidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis among humans and animal reservoirs in Bushehr province, Islamic Republic of Iran

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (06) ◽  
pp. 912-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mohebali ◽  
Y. Hamzavi ◽  
G. H. Edrissian ◽  
A. Forouzani
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
Seropositive Rate ◽  
Kala Azar ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Animal Reservoirs

Using direct agglutination tests, a survey of visceral leishmaniasis was carried out among children and adults from 13 villages and from nomadic tribes in Bushehr province during 1998-99. Of the 1496 plasma samples, the overall seropositive rate [titres > or = 1: 3200] was 3.4%. Almost all cases [94.1%] were in children under 10 years old. Eighteen patients were diagnosed with kala azar; fever and splenomegaly were the predominant signs and symptoms. Parasitology and serology examinations of local animals identified dogs and jackals infected with Leishmania infantum. Suggestions for control of visceral leishmaniasis in this area are to eliminate stray dogs, identify cases among humans and suspected leashed dogs, and treat infected individuals.

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