scholarly journals Sexual conflict and cooperation in butterfly reproduction: a comparative study of polyandry and female fitness

2001 ◽  
Vol 268 (1477) ◽  
pp. 1661-1667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christer Wiklund ◽  
Bengt Karlsson ◽  
Olof Leimar
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
Conflict And Cooperation ◽  
Butterfly Reproduction

scholarly journals Quantifying the gender load: can population crosses reveal interlocus sexual conflict?

2006 ◽  
Vol 361 (1466) ◽  
pp. 363-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tristan A.F Long ◽  
Robert Montgomerie ◽  
Adam K Chippindale
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Competition ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Population Differentiation ◽  
Population Divergence ◽  
Mating Frequency ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
Antagonistic Coevolution ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Sexually Antagonistic Coevolution

Six sister populations of Drosophila melanogaster kept under identical environmental conditions for greater than 600 generations were reciprocally crossed to investigate the incidence of population divergence in allopatry. Population crosses directly influenced fitness, mating frequency, and sperm competition patterns. Changes in both female remating rate and the outcome of male sperm competition (P 1 , P 2 ) in response to foreign males were consistent with intersexual coevolution. Moreover, seven of the 30 crosses between foreign mates resulted in significant reductions in female fitness, whereas two resulted in significant increases, compared to local matings. This tendency for foreign males to reduce female fitness may be interpreted as evidence for either sexually antagonistic coevolution or the disruption of mutualistic interactions. However, instances in which female fitness improved via cohabitation with foreign males may better reveal sexual conflict, signalling release from the cost of interacting with locally adapted males. By this metric, female reproduction in D. melanogaster is strongly constrained by local adaptation by males, a situation that would promote antagonistic coevolution between the sexes. We conclude that sexual selection can promote population differentiation in allopatry and that sexual conflict is likely to have played a role in population differentiation in this study system.

MATING AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR IN DENDROBATID FROGS FROM CORCOVADO NATIONAL PARK, COSTA RICA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Behaviour ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Summers
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
National Park ◽  
The Other ◽  
Female Aggression ◽  
Conspecific Male ◽  
Male Aggression ◽  
Corcovado National Park

Abstract1. Mating and aggressive behaviour was observed in four species of dendrobatid frogs in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica: Colostethus nubicola, Colostethus talamancae, Phyllobates vittatus and Dendrobates granuliferus. 2. Males of both species of Colostethus were more likely to respond to call playbacks than male P. vittatus or D. granuliferus. Male D. granuliferus were less likely to be found calling than males of the other species. Conspecific male-male aggression was observed in P. vittatus, but not in the other species. 3. Females were more active during courtship in P. vittatus. Female-female aggression was observed on one occasion in P. vittatus. Females were more likely to reject males than the reverse in all species. 4. These observations suggest that sexual conflict occurs in P. vittatus, but not in C. nubicola or C. talamancae.

scholarly journals Investigating the interaction between inter-locus and intra-locus sexual conflict using hemiclonal analysis in Drosophila melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manas Geeta Arun ◽  
Tejinder Singh Chechi ◽  
Rakesh Meena ◽  
Shradha Dattaraya Bhosle ◽  
Srishti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Operational Sex Ratio ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females

Divergence in the evolutionary interests of males and females leads to sexual conflict. Traditionally, sexual conflict has been classified into two types: inter-locus sexual conflict (IeSC) and intra-locus sexual conflict (IaSC). IeSC is modeled as a conflict over outcomes of intersexual reproductive interactions mediated by loci that are sex-limited in their effects. IaSC is thought to be a product of selection acting in opposite directions in males and females on traits with a common underlying genetic basis. While in their canonical formalisms IaSC and IeSC are mutually exclusive, there is growing support for the idea that the two may interact. Empirical evidence for such interactions, however, is limited. Here, we investigated the interaction between IeSC and IaSC in Drosophila melanogaster. Using hemiclonal analysis, we sampled 39 hemigenomes from a laboratory-adapted population of D. melanogaster. We measured the contribution of each hemigenome to adult male and female fitness at three different intensities of IeSC, obtained by varying the operational sex-ratio. Subsequently, we estimated the intensity of IaSC at each sex-ratio by calculating the intersexual genetic correlation for fitness and the proportion of sexually antagonistic fitness-variation. Our results indicate a statistically non-significant trend suggesting that increasing the strength of IeSC ameliorates IaSC in the population.

scholarly journals Detecting sexual conflict and sexually antagonistic coevolution

2006 ◽  
Vol 361 (1466) ◽  
pp. 277-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Locke Rowe ◽  
Troy Day
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Operational Definition ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Antagonistic Coevolution ◽  
Competing Models ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Intralocus Conflict ◽  
Sexually Antagonistic Coevolution

We begin by providing an operational definition of sexual conflict that applies to both inter- and intralocus conflict. Using this definition, we examine a series of simple coevolutionary models to elucidate fruitful approaches for detecting interlocus sexual conflict and resultant sexually antagonistic coevolution. We then use published empirical examples to illustrate the utility of these approaches. Three relevant attributes emerge. First, the dynamics of sexually antagonistic coevolution may obscure the conflict itself. Second, competing models of inter-sexual coevolution may yield similar population patterns near equilibria. Third, a variety of evolutionary forces underlying competing models may be acting simultaneously near equilibria. One main conclusion is that studies of emergent patterns in extant populations (e.g. studies of population and/or female fitness) are unlikely to allow us to distinguish among competing coevolutionary models. Instead, we need more research aimed at identifying the forces of selection acting on shared traits and sexually antagonistic traits. More specifically, we need a greater number of functional studies of female traits as well as studies of the consequences of both male and female traits for female fitness. A mix of selection and manipulative studies on these is likely the most promising route.

scholarly journals Sexual conflict over mating in Gnatocerus cornutus ? Females prefer lovers not fighters

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1785) ◽  
pp. 20140281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kensuke Okada ◽  
Masako Katsuki ◽  
Manmohan D. Sharma ◽  
Clarissa M. House ◽  
David J. Hosken
Keyword(s):  
Mate Choice ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Female Choice ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Female Mate Choice ◽  
Male Competition ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
Female Mate ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Horned Beetle

Female mate choice and male–male competition are the typical mechanisms of sexual selection. However, these two mechanisms do not always favour the same males. Furthermore, it has recently become clear that female choice can sometimes benefit males that reduce female fitness. So whether male–male competition and female choice favour the same or different males, and whether or not females benefit from mate choice, remain open questions. In the horned beetle, Gnatocerus cornutus, males have enlarged mandibles used to fight rivals, and larger mandibles provide a mating advantage when there is direct male–male competition for mates. However, it is not clear whether females prefer these highly competitive males. Here, we show that female choice targets male courtship rather than mandible size, and these two characters are not phenotypically or genetically correlated. Mating with attractive, highly courting males provided indirect benefits to females but only via the heritability of male attractiveness. However, mating with attractive males avoids the indirect costs to daughters that are generated by mating with competitive males. Our results suggest that male–male competition may constrain female mate choice, possibly reducing female fitness and generating sexual conflict over mating.

scholarly journals Twisting to freedom: The evolution of copulation termination techniques across 48 species of sepsids (Diptera, Sepsidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mindy Jia Min Tuan ◽  
Diego Pitta Araujo ◽  
Nalini Puniamoorthy ◽  
Jeremy M Woodford ◽  
Rudolf Meier
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Variable Separation ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
A New Technique

Studies of insect mating behaviour usually focus on what happens before and during copulation. Few pay close attention to the actions needed to end copulation. However, genital separation after copulation is likely to be an important cause of mechanical stress and injuries because it often involves the withdrawal of heavily armoured male intromittent organs from membranous female reproductive tracts. Difficult and/or slow separations can also reduce male and female fitness by increasing their exposure to predation. We here report the results of a comparative study of separation behaviour in 48 species of Sepsidae (Diptera) and one outgroup. We find a surprising amount of qualitative and quantitative behavioural variability within and between species. We characterize and reconstruct three types of behaviours: 1) The sepsid ancestor likely used `back-off; a gentle separation technique that does not involve any pulling or twisting (https://youtu.be/EbkJvOaubZ0). 2) This potentially gave rise to the most common `pull' technique where the male turns 180 degrees and pulls in an opposite direction from the female (https://youtu.be/oLf4xGpkk1s). This separation can be quick and straightforward, but in some species the `pull' is slow and protracted and we routinely find dead males and/or females attached to their living partners in the latter (difficult: https://youtu.be/MbYPbXN6jr0; failure: https://youtu.be/leTiXefFzCc). 3) Finally, several species use `twist', a new technique where the male rotates >360 degrees from the initial mounting position (https://youtu.be/WMUXbIPyLbk). We document that species capable of using `twist' have shorter and less variable separation times than those using "pull". However, many species capable of `twist' also retain the ability to use `pull' (`back-off'/'pull'= 8%; `pull' only= 41%; `twist'/ `pull'= 24%; `twist' only = 27%). Overall, our study suggests that separation behaviour can vary among closely related species and highlights the significance of studying variable behavioural traits in a phylogenetic context.

scholarly journals Consequences of population structure for sex allocation and sexual conflict

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonor R. Rodrigues ◽  
Mario Torralba Sáez ◽  
João Alpedrinha ◽  
Sophie Lefèvre ◽  
Muriel Brengues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Sex Allocation ◽  
Spider Mite ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
Random Dispersal ◽  
Random Pairing ◽  
Offspring Sex ◽  
Theoretical Predictions

AbstractBoth sex allocation and sexual conflict can be modulated by spatial structure. However, how the interplay between the type of dispersal and the scale of competition simultaneously affects these traits in sub-divided populations is rarely considered.We investigated sex allocation and sexual conflict evolution in meta-populations of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae evolving under budding (pairing females from the same patch) or random (pairing females from different patches) dispersal and either local (fixed sampling from each subpopulation) versus global (sampling as a function of subpopulation productivity) competition.Females evolving under budding dispersal produced less female-biased offspring sex ratios than those from the random dispersal selection regimes, contradicting theoretical predictions. In turn, the scale of competition did not have a strong effect on sex allocation. Males evolved under budding dispersal induced less female harm than those exposed to random dispersal, but there was no reduction in female fitness following exposure to multiple mates from either selection regime.This work highlights that population structure can impact the evolution of sex allocation and sexual conflict. We also discuss how selection on either trait may reciprocally affect the evolution of the other, for example via effects on fecundity.

scholarly journals Sexual conflict over remating interval is modulated by the sex peptide pathway

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1850) ◽  
pp. 20162394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damian T. Smith ◽  
Naomi V. E. Clarke ◽  
James M. Boone ◽  
Claudia Fricke ◽  
Tracey Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Window Of Opportunity ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Peptide Receptor ◽  
Conflict And Cooperation ◽  
Sex Peptide ◽  
Selective Forces ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Male Specific

Sexual conflict, in which the evolutionary interests of males and females diverge, shapes the evolution of reproductive systems across diverse taxa. Here, we used the fruit fly to study sexual conflict in natural, three-way interactions comprising a female, her current and previous mates. We manipulated the potential for sexual conflict by using sex peptide receptor ( SPR ) null females and by varying remating from 3 to 48 h, a period during which natural rematings frequently occur. SPR -lacking females do not respond to sex peptide (SP) transferred during mating and maintain virgin levels of high receptivity and low fecundity. In the absence of SPR, there was a convergence of fitness interests, with all individuals gaining highest productivity at 5 h remating. This suggests that the expression of sexual conflict was reduced. We observed an unexpected second male-specific advantage to early remating, resulting from an increase in the efficiency of second male sperm use. This early window of opportunity for exploitation by second males depended on the presence of SPR . The results suggest that the SP pathway can modulate the expression of sexual conflict in this system, and show how variation in the selective forces that shape conflict and cooperation can be maintained.

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