scholarly journals Reputation and the evolution of cooperation in sizable groups

2005 ◽  
Vol 272 (1570) ◽  
pp. 1373-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinsuke Suzuki ◽  
Eizo Akiyama
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Real World ◽  
Social Dilemmas ◽  
Dyadic Interaction ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Indirect Reciprocity ◽  
Stable Manner ◽  
Considerable Concern

The evolution of cooperation in social dilemmas has been of considerable concern in various fields such as sociobiology, economics and sociology. It might be that, in the real world, reputation plays an important role in the evolution of cooperation. Recently, studies that have addressed indirect reciprocity have revealed that cooperation can evolve through reputation, even though pairs of individuals interact only a few times. To our knowledge, most indirect reciprocity models have presumed dyadic interaction; no studies have attempted analysis of the evolution of cooperation in large communities where the effect of reputation is included. We investigate the evolution of cooperation in sizable groups in which the reputation of individuals affects the decision-making process. This paper presents the following: (i) cooperation can evolve in a four-person case, (ii) the evolution of cooperation becomes difficult as group size increases, even if the effect of reputation is included, and (iii) three kinds of final social states exist. In medium-sized communities, cooperative species can coexist in a stable manner with betrayal species.

scholarly journals Feminist Judging in the 'Real World'

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1275-1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Real World ◽  
Interview Data ◽  
Feminist Perspective ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
The Real ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Tools And Techniques

The various feminist judgment projects (FJPs) have explored through the imagined rewriting of judgments a range of ways in which a feminist perspective may be applied to the practice of judging. But how do these imagined judgments compare to what actual feminist judges do? This article presents the results of the author’s empirical research to date on ‘real world’ feminist judging. Drawing on case study and interview data it explores the how, when and where of feminist judging, that is, the feminist resources, tools and techniques judges have drawn upon, the stages in the hearing and decision-making process at which these resources, tools and techniques have been deployed, and the areas of law in which they have been applied. The article goes on to consider observed and potential limits on feminist judicial practice, before drawing conclusions about the comparison between ‘real world’ feminist judging and the practices of FJPs. Los proyectos de sentencias feministas, a través de la reelaboración imaginaria de sentencias judiciales, han explorado multitud de vías en las que las perspectivas feministas se podrían aplicar a la práctica judicial. Pero ¿qué resulta de la comparación entre dichas sentencias y la práctica real de las juezas feministas? Este artículo presenta los resultados de la investigación empírica de la autora. Se analiza el cómo, el cuándo y el dónde de la labor judicial feminista, es decir, los recursos, herramientas y técnicas feministas que las juezas han utilizado, las fases de audiencia y toma de decisión en las que se han utilizado y las áreas del derecho en que se han aplicado. Además, se toman en consideración los límites observados y potenciales de la práctica judicial feminista, y se extraen conclusiones sobre la comparación entre la labor judicial feminista en el “mundo real” y la práctica de los proyectos de tribunales feministas.

Simulating the Foreign Policy Decision-Making Process in the Undergraduate Classroom

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (02) ◽  
pp. 401-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie A. Loggins
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Real World ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Policy Decision Making ◽  
Concrete World

A simulation of the foreign policy decision-making process, as described in this article, can assist an instructor in linking students' abstract understanding of complex political events, circumstances, and decision making to the real-world interplay of the multiple factors involved in decision making. It is this type of active learning that helps bring a student's abstract understanding into the concrete world. Instead of being passive learners relying on an instructor's knowledge, students are active participants in the learning process.

scholarly journals Neural Networks in Credit Risk Classification of Companies in the Construction Sector

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wójcicka
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Credit Risk ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Real World ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Input Variables

The financial sector (banks, financial institutions, etc.) is the sector most exposed to financial and credit risk, as one of the basic objectives of banks' activity (as a specific enterprise) is granting credit and loans. Because credit risk is one of the problems constantly faced by banks, identification of potential good and bad customers is an extremely important task. This paper investigates the use of different structures of neural networks to support the preliminary credit risk decision-making process. The results are compared among the models and juxtaposed with real-world data. Moreover, different sets and subsets of entry data are analyzed to find the best input variables (financial ratios).

An Intelligent of Navigation and Path finding Technique of Fuzzy logic

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Prem Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Real World ◽  
Source Location ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Path Finding ◽  
Navigation Algorithm ◽  
Navigation Method

In all path finding and navigation problems the inputs are its environment space and the output of path finding and navigation algorithm is a route from source location to destination location. It seems very simple to choose a path from source to destination in theory but in real world it is very difficult to decide a route that is safe and optimal. This paper presents the navigation method which uses the human intelligence to navigate for path finding using fuzzy logic. The procedure simulates decision-making process of human for navigation and path finding.

scholarly journals The effect of boldness on decision-making in barnacle geese is group-size-dependent

2010 ◽  
Vol 278 (1714) ◽  
pp. 2018-2024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf H. J. M. Kurvers ◽  
Vena M. A. P. Adamczyk ◽  
Sipke E. van Wieren ◽  
Herbert H. T. Prins
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Collective Decisions ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Barnacle Geese

In group-living species, decisions made by individuals may result in collective behaviours. A central question in understanding collective behaviours is how individual variation in phenotype affects collective behaviours. However, how the personality of individuals affects collective decisions in groups remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of boldness on the decision-making process in different-sized groups of barnacle geese. Naive barnacle geese, differing in boldness score, were introduced in a labyrinth in groups with either one or three informed demonstrators. The demonstrators possessed information about the route through the labyrinth. In pairs, the probability of choosing a route prior to the informed demonstrator increased with increasing boldness score: bolder individuals decided more often for themselves where to go compared with shyer individuals, whereas shyer individuals waited more often for the demonstrators to decide and followed this information. In groups of four individuals, however, there was no effect of boldness on decision-making, suggesting that individual differences were less important with increasing group size. Our experimental results show that personality is important in collective decisions in pairs of barnacle geese, and suggest that bolder individuals have a greater influence over the outcome of decisions in groups.

scholarly journals Integrating Real-World Evidence in the Regulatory Decision-Making Process: A Systematic Analysis of Experiences in the US, EU, and China Using a Logic Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Li ◽  
Shengqi Chen ◽  
Yunfeng Lai ◽  
Zuanji Liang ◽  
Jiaqi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Real World ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Decision ◽  
Real World Evidence ◽  
The Us ◽  
Post Market ◽  
New Treatment

Real world evidence (RWE) and real-world data (RWD) are drawing ever-increasing attention in the pharmaceutical industry and drug regulatory authorities (DRAs) all over the world due to their paramount role in supporting drug development and regulatory decision making. However, there is little systematic documentary analysis about how RWE was integrated for the use by the DRAs in evaluating new treatment approaches and monitoring post-market safety. This study aimed to analyze and discuss the integration of RWE into regulatory decision-making process from the perspective of DRAs. Different development strategies to develop and adopt RWE by the DRAs in the US, Europe, and China were reviewed and compared, and the challenges encountered were discussed. It was found that different strategies on development of RWE were applied by FDA, EMA, and NMPA. The extent to which RWE was adopted in China was relatively limited compared to that in the US and EU, which was highly related to the national pharmaceutical environment and development stages. A better understanding of the overall goals, inputs, activities, outputs, and outcomes in developing RWE will help inform actions to harness RWD and leverage RWE for better health care decisions.

scholarly journals Framing the preoperative assessment of the oncogreriatric patient. The surgeon’s point of view

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitris Papagoras ◽  
Maria Kanara ◽  
Stella Ntouvli
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Social Dilemmas ◽  
Preoperative Assessment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Elderly Cancer Patients

<p align="justify"><em>Elderly cancer patients represent a steadily rising population constituting a daily problem for any physician, who is confronted not only with medical questions but also with ethical and social dilemmas. In addition oncogeriatric patients are underrepresented or excluded from trials especially in surgery which results in a gap in practical and evidence based knowledge regarding their preoperative evaluation and treatment. Therefore the authors outline the framework a decision making process for a meaning – and success- full treatment plan has to rely on.</em><em></em></p>

An Application of Constructal Theory in the Multi-Objective Design of Product Platforms

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Carone ◽  
Christopher B. Williams ◽  
Janet K. Allen ◽  
Farrokh Mistree
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Real World ◽  
Utility Theory ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Constructal Theory ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Product Platform ◽  
Product Platforms ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Geometric Space

Designers develop product platforms when they wish to offer variety to the customer and simultaneously keep costs down to a reasonable level. It has been shown that it is feasible and useful to design hierarchic product platforms for customizable products as a problem of optimization of access in a geometric space, allowing the designer to thoroughly explore a product family’s market space. However, the presence of risk, uncertainty, and tradeoffs, which are inevitable aspects of a real-world design problem, are not considered in this method. We have addressed these limitations through the infusion of utility theory into the multi-stage decision-making process. The proposed approach is illustrated with an example: the design of a product platform for a line of customizable pressure vessels.

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