scholarly journals Stress and translocation: alterations in the stress physiology of translocated birds

2009 ◽  
Vol 276 (1664) ◽  
pp. 2051-2056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly J. Dickens ◽  
David J. Delehanty ◽  
L. Michael Romero
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Feedback System ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Physiological Stress Response

Translocation and reintroduction have become major conservation actions in attempts to create self-sustaining wild populations of threatened species. However, avian translocations have a high failure rate and causes for failure are poorly understood. While ‘stress’ is often cited as an important factor in translocation failure, empirical evidence of physiological stress is lacking. Here we show that experimental translocation leads to changes in the physiological stress response in chukar partridge, Alectoris chukar . We found that capture alone significantly decreased the acute glucocorticoid (corticosterone, CORT) response, but adding exposure to captivity and transport further altered the stress response axis (the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis) as evident from a decreased sensitivity of the negative feedback system. Animals that were exposed to the entire translocation procedure, in addition to the reduced acute stress response and disrupted negative feedback, had significantly lower baseline CORT concentrations and significantly reduced body weight. These data indicate that translocation alters stress physiology and that chronic stress is potentially a major factor in translocation failure. Under current practices, the restoration of threatened species through translocation may unwittingly depend on the success of chronically stressed individuals. This conclusion emphasizes the need for understanding and alleviating translocation-induced chronic stress in order to use most effectively this important conservation tool.

Stress and Substance Misuse

2020 ◽  
pp. 101-118
Author(s):  
James M. Bjork ◽  
Nicholas D. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Solution Space ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Behavioral Repertoire ◽  
Physiological Stress Response ◽  
Response Systems

Stress is both a critical contributor and consequence of substance use disorder (SUD). First, exaggerated subjective stress responses are characteristic of affective symptomatology such as depression, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (sometimes stemming from histories of abuse) that have been prognostic of development of addiction in longitudinal studies. Substance use is negatively reinforced in many at-risk and addicted individuals because it may acutely alleviate stress. Second, chronic administration of commonly abused substances alters physiological stress response systems, especially during acute withdrawal. Third, acute stress responses blunt the addicted individual’s frontocortically mediated behavioral repertoire (solution space) in favor of reflexive behavioral biases toward relief-based substance use. Therefore, acute stress responses are a strong trigger for relapse to substance use during extended recovery. These findings have collectively led to approaches to SUD relapse prevention that pharmacologically blunt components of the stress response, but these agents have not reliably shown success in human clinical trials. This chapter reviews these different relationships between stress and addiction and offers future avenues for additional research.

scholarly journals Effects of drinking water, sanitation, handwashing and nutritional interventions on stress physiology, oxidative stress, and epigenetic programming in young children living in rural Bangladesh: A randomized clinical trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrie Lin ◽  
Andrew N. Mertens ◽  
Md. Ziaur Rahman ◽  
Sophia Tan ◽  
Dora Il'yasova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Factor Binding Site ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
Physiological Stress Response

Importance: A regulated stress response is essential for healthy trajectories, but the integrated effects of early childhood environmental and nutritional interventions on stress physiology are unknown. Objective: To assess the effects of a combined nutritional, water, sanitation, and handwashing intervention on physiological stress response, oxidative stress, and DNA methylation. Design, Setting, and Participants: In a trial in rural Bangladesh, we randomized geographical clusters of pregnant women and their in-utero children into either the combined nutritional, water, sanitation, and handwashing intervention or the control group. Physiological stress response, oxidative stress, and methylation levels of 757 children were measured at ages one and two years. Analysis was intention-to-treat. Interventions: The intervention group received combined nutritional counseling and lipid-based nutrient supplements, chlorinated drinking water, upgraded sanitation, and handwashing with soap (N+WSH). The control group did not receive interventions. Main Outcomes and Measures: We measured four isomers of urinary F2-isoprostanes [iPF(2α)-III; 2,3-dinor-iPF(2α)-III; iPF(2α)-VI; 8,12-iso-iPF(2α)-VI] at year one. At year two, we measured pre- and post-stressor concentrations of salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol, overall methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) exon 1F promoter including methylation levels at the nerve growth factor-inducible protein A (NGFI-A) binding site, mean arterial pressure, and resting heart rate. Results: Children in the N+WSH group had lower levels of F2-isoprostanes compared to controls (difference -0.16 to -0.19 log ng/mg of creatinine, P<0.01). Compared to the control group, post-stressor cortisol levels were elevated (0.24 log μg/dl; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.4; P<0.01) and the residualized gain score for cortisol was higher (0.06 μg/dl; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.12; P=0.023) in the N+WSH group. Children in the N+WSH group exhibited decreased methylation of the NGFI-A transcription factor binding site (-0.04 logit-transformed %; 95% CI, -0.08 to 0; P=0.037). Conclusions and Relevance: A nutritional, water, sanitation, and handwashing intervention reduced oxidative stress, enhanced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity, and reduced methylation levels in a transcription factor binding site of the glucocorticoid receptor gene. A targeted environmental and nutritional intervention affected the set point, reactivity, and regulation of the physiological stress system in early childhood, which may have implications for long-term health and developmental trajectories. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01590095

Addressing educational inequalities and promoting learning through studies of stress physiology in elementary school students

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 1899-1913
Author(s):  
Jelena Obradović ◽  
Emma Armstrong-Carter
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Elementary School Students ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Developmental Stress ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
School Students ◽  
Behavioral Adaptations ◽  
Physiological Stress Response

AbstractTo be ready to learn, children need to be focused, engaged, and able to bounce back from setbacks. However, many children come to school with heightened or diminished physiological arousal due to exposure to poverty-related risks. While stress physiology plays a role in explaining how adversity relates to processes that support students’ cognitive development, there is a lack of studies of physiological stress response in educational settings. This review integrates relevant studies and offers future directions for research on the role of stress physiology in the school adaptation of elementary school students, focusing on these important questions: (a) What are the links between physiological stress response and learning-related skills and behaviors, and do they vary as a function of proximal and distal experiences outside of school? (b) How are school experiences associated with students’ physiological stress response and related cognitive and behavioral adaptations? (c) How can we leverage measures of students’ physiological stress response in evaluations of school-based interventions to better support the school success of every student? We hope to stimulate a new wave of research that will advance the science of developmental stress physiology, as well as improve the application of these findings in educational policy and practice.

scholarly journals Physiological Stress in Rescued Wild Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) Being Held in a Rehabilitation Sanctuary: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renae Charalambous ◽  
Troy Simonato ◽  
Matthew Peel ◽  
Edward Narayan
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Stress System ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress

Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are one of Australia's most charismatic native small marsupial species. Unfortunately, populations of koalas are rapidly declining throughout Australia and they continue to face increasing pressure from a changing ecosystem. Negative stimulants in the environment can elicit stress responses through activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Depending on the duration of the negative stimulant, the stress response can lead to either acute or chronic side effects, and is shown through the activation of the neuroendocrine stress system and the release of glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol). Wild koalas entering clinical care face novel stressors that can be out of a wildlife carer's control. In this pilot study, we monitored physiological stress in three wild koalas at a wildlife rehabilitation centre in New South Wales, Australia. Acute and chronic stress was indexed non-invasively, with faecal samples taken to evaluate acute stress, and fur samples taken to evaluate chronic stress. Sampling occurred sporadically over four months, from the start of September 2018 to the end of December 2018. Results attempt to understand the stress response of koalas to negative stimulants in the environment by comparing faecal glucocorticoids on days where a known stressor was recorded with days where no known stressor was recorded. Furthermore, variations in faecal and fur glucocorticoids were compared between the three koalas in this study. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of stress tracking of wild rescued koalas in a sanctuary. We suggest that further monitoring of baseline, acute and chronic stress will be needed to better understand how koalas respond to negative stimulants associated with clinical care.

The reaction of pearl dace (Pisces, Cyprinidae) to alarm substance: time-course of behavior, brain amines, and stress physiology

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 2916-2921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley G. Rehnberg ◽  
R. J. F. Smith ◽  
B. D. Sloley
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Alarm Substance ◽  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
Physiological Stress Response ◽  
Alarm Reaction ◽  
Induced Changes

Pearl dace, Semotilus margarita (Pisces, Cyprinidae), respond behaviorally and physiologically to conspecific alarm substance. The behavioral alarm reaction was biphasic. A brief initial phase of rapid and unpredictable swimming was followed by a period of inactivity that was observable even after 5 h. In nature, biphasic behavioral reactions may function to remove alarmed fish from the area of greatest danger and then render them inconspicuous. The physiological alarm reaction included elements of a stress response. Concentrations of plasma cortisol and glucose were elevated at 15 min after the detection of alarm substance, but had returned to control levels by 5 h. There were no odor-induced changes observed in brain concentrations of dopamine, norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, or tryptophan. The biphasic behavioral response and the physiological stress response were interpreted as adaptations that permit pearl dace to successfully react to threats of predation.

An intervention study on the effectiveness of an anti-stress-app on psychophysiological acute and chronic stress (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Lautenbach
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Trier Social Stress Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress

BACKGROUND Dealing with stress is of central importance. Lately, smartphone applications (apps) are deployed in stress interventions as they offer maximal flexibility for users. First results of experimental studies show that anti-stress apps effect subjective perception of stress positively (Ly et al., 2014). However, current literature lacks studies on physiological stress reactions (e.g., cortisol), although they are of special interest to health issues. OBJECTIVE Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of an anti-stress app in chronic and acute stress reduction on a physiological (cortisol) and psychological level (subjective perception of stress) in comparison to a face-to-face and a control group in a pre-post design, for the first time. METHODS Sixty-two participants took part in the pretesting procedure (drop-out of 53 %). Based on age, gender, physical activity and subjectively perceived acute stress due to the Trier Social Stress Test for groups (TSST-G; von Dawans et al., 2011) as well as based on subjectively chronic stress assessed during the pretest, participants were parallelized in three groups (anti-stress-app: n = 10, face-to-face: n = 11, control group: n = 9). RESULTS After six weeks of the cognitive-based resource-oriented intervention, participants were exposed to the TSST-G for post testing. Results did not show a change of cortisol secretion or cognitive appraisal of the acute stressor. Further, no changes were detected in the chronic physiological stress reaction. CONCLUSIONS Possible causes are discussed extensively. CLINICALTRIAL no

Reflex impairment and physiological stress response in the Neotropical wolf fish Hoplias malabaricus (Characiformes, Erythrinidae) exposed to catch-and-release angling

2021 ◽  
Vol 239 ◽  
pp. 105940
Author(s):  
Laura Simões Andrade ◽  
Domingos Garrone-Neto ◽  
Manuela Alves Nobre Sales ◽  
Luciana Rodrigues de Souza-Bastos ◽  
Ursulla Pereira Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Hoplias Malabaricus ◽  
Catch And Release ◽  
Physiological Stress Response
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