The reaction of pearl dace (Pisces, Cyprinidae) to alarm substance: time-course of behavior, brain amines, and stress physiology

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 2916-2921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley G. Rehnberg ◽  
R. J. F. Smith ◽  
B. D. Sloley
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Alarm Substance ◽  
Behavioral Reactions ◽  
Physiological Stress Response ◽  
Alarm Reaction ◽  
Induced Changes

Pearl dace, Semotilus margarita (Pisces, Cyprinidae), respond behaviorally and physiologically to conspecific alarm substance. The behavioral alarm reaction was biphasic. A brief initial phase of rapid and unpredictable swimming was followed by a period of inactivity that was observable even after 5 h. In nature, biphasic behavioral reactions may function to remove alarmed fish from the area of greatest danger and then render them inconspicuous. The physiological alarm reaction included elements of a stress response. Concentrations of plasma cortisol and glucose were elevated at 15 min after the detection of alarm substance, but had returned to control levels by 5 h. There were no odor-induced changes observed in brain concentrations of dopamine, norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, or tryptophan. The biphasic behavioral response and the physiological stress response were interpreted as adaptations that permit pearl dace to successfully react to threats of predation.

scholarly journals Effects of drinking water, sanitation, handwashing and nutritional interventions on stress physiology, oxidative stress, and epigenetic programming in young children living in rural Bangladesh: A randomized clinical trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrie Lin ◽  
Andrew N. Mertens ◽  
Md. Ziaur Rahman ◽  
Sophia Tan ◽  
Dora Il'yasova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Factor Binding Site ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
Physiological Stress Response

Importance: A regulated stress response is essential for healthy trajectories, but the integrated effects of early childhood environmental and nutritional interventions on stress physiology are unknown. Objective: To assess the effects of a combined nutritional, water, sanitation, and handwashing intervention on physiological stress response, oxidative stress, and DNA methylation. Design, Setting, and Participants: In a trial in rural Bangladesh, we randomized geographical clusters of pregnant women and their in-utero children into either the combined nutritional, water, sanitation, and handwashing intervention or the control group. Physiological stress response, oxidative stress, and methylation levels of 757 children were measured at ages one and two years. Analysis was intention-to-treat. Interventions: The intervention group received combined nutritional counseling and lipid-based nutrient supplements, chlorinated drinking water, upgraded sanitation, and handwashing with soap (N+WSH). The control group did not receive interventions. Main Outcomes and Measures: We measured four isomers of urinary F2-isoprostanes [iPF(2α)-III; 2,3-dinor-iPF(2α)-III; iPF(2α)-VI; 8,12-iso-iPF(2α)-VI] at year one. At year two, we measured pre- and post-stressor concentrations of salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol, overall methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) exon 1F promoter including methylation levels at the nerve growth factor-inducible protein A (NGFI-A) binding site, mean arterial pressure, and resting heart rate. Results: Children in the N+WSH group had lower levels of F2-isoprostanes compared to controls (difference -0.16 to -0.19 log ng/mg of creatinine, P<0.01). Compared to the control group, post-stressor cortisol levels were elevated (0.24 log μg/dl; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.4; P<0.01) and the residualized gain score for cortisol was higher (0.06 μg/dl; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.12; P=0.023) in the N+WSH group. Children in the N+WSH group exhibited decreased methylation of the NGFI-A transcription factor binding site (-0.04 logit-transformed %; 95% CI, -0.08 to 0; P=0.037). Conclusions and Relevance: A nutritional, water, sanitation, and handwashing intervention reduced oxidative stress, enhanced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity, and reduced methylation levels in a transcription factor binding site of the glucocorticoid receptor gene. A targeted environmental and nutritional intervention affected the set point, reactivity, and regulation of the physiological stress system in early childhood, which may have implications for long-term health and developmental trajectories. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01590095

scholarly journals Stress and translocation: alterations in the stress physiology of translocated birds

2009 ◽  
Vol 276 (1664) ◽  
pp. 2051-2056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molly J. Dickens ◽  
David J. Delehanty ◽  
L. Michael Romero
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Feedback System ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Physiological Stress Response

Translocation and reintroduction have become major conservation actions in attempts to create self-sustaining wild populations of threatened species. However, avian translocations have a high failure rate and causes for failure are poorly understood. While ‘stress’ is often cited as an important factor in translocation failure, empirical evidence of physiological stress is lacking. Here we show that experimental translocation leads to changes in the physiological stress response in chukar partridge, Alectoris chukar . We found that capture alone significantly decreased the acute glucocorticoid (corticosterone, CORT) response, but adding exposure to captivity and transport further altered the stress response axis (the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis) as evident from a decreased sensitivity of the negative feedback system. Animals that were exposed to the entire translocation procedure, in addition to the reduced acute stress response and disrupted negative feedback, had significantly lower baseline CORT concentrations and significantly reduced body weight. These data indicate that translocation alters stress physiology and that chronic stress is potentially a major factor in translocation failure. Under current practices, the restoration of threatened species through translocation may unwittingly depend on the success of chronically stressed individuals. This conclusion emphasizes the need for understanding and alleviating translocation-induced chronic stress in order to use most effectively this important conservation tool.

Addressing educational inequalities and promoting learning through studies of stress physiology in elementary school students

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 1899-1913
Author(s):  
Jelena Obradović ◽  
Emma Armstrong-Carter
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Elementary School Students ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Developmental Stress ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
School Students ◽  
Behavioral Adaptations ◽  
Physiological Stress Response

AbstractTo be ready to learn, children need to be focused, engaged, and able to bounce back from setbacks. However, many children come to school with heightened or diminished physiological arousal due to exposure to poverty-related risks. While stress physiology plays a role in explaining how adversity relates to processes that support students’ cognitive development, there is a lack of studies of physiological stress response in educational settings. This review integrates relevant studies and offers future directions for research on the role of stress physiology in the school adaptation of elementary school students, focusing on these important questions: (a) What are the links between physiological stress response and learning-related skills and behaviors, and do they vary as a function of proximal and distal experiences outside of school? (b) How are school experiences associated with students’ physiological stress response and related cognitive and behavioral adaptations? (c) How can we leverage measures of students’ physiological stress response in evaluations of school-based interventions to better support the school success of every student? We hope to stimulate a new wave of research that will advance the science of developmental stress physiology, as well as improve the application of these findings in educational policy and practice.

Chemosensory detection of predators by coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch): behavioural reaction and the physiological stress response

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 481-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley G. Rehnberg ◽  
Carl B. Schreck
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Alarm Substance ◽  
Chemical Stimulus ◽  
Physiological Stress Response ◽  
Chemical Stimuli ◽  
Physiological Reactions

Behavioral and physiological reactions were examined in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) before and after the chemodetection of alarm substance and chemical stimuli released from predators and nonpredators. Chemical stimulus from northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) was avoided in a two-choice Y trough, whereas stimulus from the largescale sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) was not. Paradoxically, both stimuli induced a stress response as indicated by elevations in plasma Cortisol and glucose. Plasma thyroxine was not a sensitive indicator of stress. Extracts from the broken skin of squawfish or suckers induced a physiological stress response, thereby raising the possibility of a nonostariophysan fish recognizing an ostariophysan alarm substance. Rinses from human skin or L-serine were behaviorally avoided, but neither stimulus induced physiological stress responses. A conclusion from these results is that behavioral and physiological reactions to chemical stimuli from predators do not necessarily co-occur. These data also suggest that fright is not necessarily a sufficient condition for inducing a stress response of the general adaptation syndrome type in fish.

scholarly journals Thermal flexibility is a repeatable mechanism to cope with environmental stressors in a passerine bird

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua K. Robertson ◽  
Gabriela F. Mastromonaco ◽  
Gary Burness
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Passerine Bird ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
List Type ◽  
Physiological Stress Response ◽  
Fight Or Flight Response ◽  
Body Surface Temperature ◽  
Induced Changes

AbstractFor many vertebrates, urban environments are characterised by frequent environmental stressors. Coping with such stressors can demand that urban individuals activate energetically costly physiological pathways (e.g. the fight-or-flight response) more regularly than rural-living conspecifics. However, urban environments also commonly demand appreciable expenditure toward thermoregulation, owing to their often extreme climatic variations. To date, whether and how vertebrates can balance expenditure toward both the physiological stress response and thermoregulation, and thus persist in an urbanising world, remains an unanswered and urgent question among ecologists.In some species, changes in body surface temperature (Ts) and peripheral heat loss (qTot) that accompany the stress response are thought to balance energetic expenditure toward thermoregulation and responding to a stressor. Thus, augmentation of stressinduced thermal responses may be a mechanism by which urban individuals cope with simultaneously high thermoregulatory and stress-physiological demands.We tested whether stress-induced changes in Ts and qTot: (1) differed between urban- and rural-origin individuals, (2) reduce thermoregulatory demands in urban individuals relative to rural conspecifics, and (3) meet an essential first criterion for evolutionary responses to selection (variability among, and consistency within, individuals).Using the black-capped chickadee (Poecile atricapillus; n = 19), we show that neither rapid nor chronic changes in Ts and qTot following exposure to randomised stressors differed between urban- and rural-origin individuals (nurban = 9; nrural = 10). Nevertheless, we do find that stress-induced changes in Ts and qTot are highly repeatable across chronic time periods (RTs = 0.61; RqTot = 0.67) and display signatures of stabilising or directional selection (i.e. reduced variability and increase repeatability relative to controls).Our findings suggest that, although urban individuals appear no more able to balance expenditure toward thermoregulation and the stress response than rural conspecifics, the capacity to do so may be subject to selection in some species. To our knowledge this is also the first study to report repeatability of any theorised stress-induced trade-off.

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