scholarly journals Larvae from deep-sea methane seeps disperse in surface waters

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1786) ◽  
pp. 20133276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn M. Arellano ◽  
Ahna L. Van Gaest ◽  
Shannon B. Johnson ◽  
Robert C. Vrijenhoek ◽  
Craig M. Young
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Euphotic Zone ◽  
Cold Seep ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Methane Seeps ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Species Complexes

Many species endemic to deep-sea methane seeps have broad geographical distributions, suggesting that they produce larvae with at least episodic long-distance dispersal. Cold-seep communities on both sides of the Atlantic share species or species complexes, yet larval dispersal across the Atlantic is expected to take prohibitively long at adult depths. Here, we provide direct evidence that the long-lived larvae of two cold-seep molluscs migrate hundreds of metres above the ocean floor, allowing them to take advantage of faster surface currents that may facilitate long-distance dispersal. We collected larvae of the ubiquitous seep mussel “Bathymodiolus” childressi and an associated gastropod, Bathynerita naticoidea , using remote-control plankton nets towed in the euphotic zone of the Gulf of Mexico. The timing of collections suggested that the larvae might disperse in the water column for more than a year, where they feed and grow to more than triple their original sizes. Ontogenetic vertical migration during a long larval life suggests teleplanic dispersal, a plausible explanation for the amphi-Atlantic distribution of “B.” mauritanicus and the broad western Atlantic distribution of B. naticoidea . These are the first empirical data to demonstrate a biological mechanism that might explain the genetic similarities between eastern and western Atlantic seep fauna.

scholarly journals Revealing the deposition of macrophytes transported offshore: Evidence of their long-distance dispersal and seasonal aggregation to the deep sea

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutaka Kokubu ◽  
Eva Rothäusler ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Filippi ◽  
Eric D. H. Durieux ◽  
Teruhisa Komatsu
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance

The Food of Deep-Sea Copepods

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. H. Harding
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Euphotic Zone ◽  
Organic Detritus ◽  
Organic Particles

The question of how organisms living below 1000 metres depth in the oceans obtain food in sufficient quantity to survive has lately received a lot of attention (Vinogradov, 1968; Sanders & Hessler, 1969; Fournier, 1972). The oldest and simplest theory, first advocated by Agassiz (1888), is that deep-sea organisms are nourished by a ‘rain’ of organic detritus from overlying surface waters. Detritus is defined to include all organic particles, living and dead, which sink passively. An alternate proposal by Riley (1951), Vinogradov (1962) and Wickstead (1962) is that the main supply of food for deep-sea plankton is conveyed from the euphotic zone by overlapping vertical migratory plankters.

Corralling of larvae in the deep sea

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 823-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cindy Lee Van Dover ◽  
Cheryl D. Jenkins ◽  
Mary Turnipseed
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Hydrothermal Vent ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Sources And Sinks ◽  
Size Frequency ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Local Sources ◽  
Sampling In Space

Large numbers of small individuals (pediveligers and juveniles <5 mm) are routinely recorded in size–frequency distributions of mussel samples collected from deep-sea chemosynthetic environments. If recruitment of invertebrates to deep-sea hydrothermal vent sites were via long-distance dispersal, as is typically assumed, one would expect recruitment ‘events’ recorded in size–frequency distributions to be difficult to detect, due to loss of larvae in an open system over large distances. If one imposes mesoscale oceanographic phenomena that minimize dilution of larvae (such as eddies shed from hydrothermal vent plumes) and episodic spawning, expression of this mesoscale corralling at the level of population structure would likely be limited to discrete records of recruitment events encountered serendipitously during haphazard sampling in space and time. The ubiquity of large numbers of post-larvae in mussel samples from a number of disparate sites is likely not serendipitous, but instead may reflect the importance of local sources and sinks of propagules in maintenance of mussel populations.

scholarly journals An experimental test of the capacity for long-distance dispersal of freshwater diatoms adhering to waterfowl plumage

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faye Manning ◽  
P. Jefferson Curtis ◽  
Ian Walker ◽  
Jason Pither
Keyword(s):  
South Dakota ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Geographic Context ◽  
Dispersal Vectors ◽  
Dispersal Success ◽  
Aquatic Microbes ◽  
Negative Effect

Waterfowl are potential long-distance dispersal vectors for aquatic microbes such as diatoms, but experimental evidence is scarce. We conducted an experiment designed to emulate diatom dispersal via adherence to waterfowl, and to evaluate the effects of humidity and transport duration on potential dispersal success. We dipped individual mallard breast feathers in a pure benthic diatom culture (Nitzschia pusilla Grunow), then subjected them to one of four relative humidity levels (RH; from ca. 8% to 88%) crossed with one of four transport durations (10, 60, 120, 240 minutes) within a chamber through which air was passed continuously, mimicking light wind. We then placed the feather on sterile growth medium. After two weeks we used spectrofluorometry to detect diatom growth and thus diatom viability. A logistic regression on viability revealed a significant interaction between transport duration and RH: the negative effect of duration was strongest under lower RH conditions, but under high RH (88%) the probability of being viable was moderate to high regardless of transport duration. Importantly, even after 4 hours, the probability of being viable was predicted to be 0.45 (95% confidence interval: 0.18 to 0.75). We then placed our findings in the geographic context of the central waterfowl migration flyway in North America, and specifically Nebraska, South Dakota, and North Dakota, for which sufficient data were available to enable geospatial predictions of potential mallard-borne diatom dispersal. Combined with published data about (i) mallard flight speeds, (ii) the geographic distribution of surface waters and of N. pusilla, and (iii) daytime RH during the months of April through June, our model predicted high probabilities of potential dispersal among the region’s suitable water bodies.

scholarly journals Chemosynthesis in the deep-sea: life without the sun

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 17037-17052 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Hydrothermal Vents ◽  
Cold Seep ◽  
Cold Seeps ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Use Of Resources

Abstract. Chemosynthetic communities in the deep-sea can be found at hydrothermal vents, cold seeps, whale falls and wood falls. While these communities have been suggested to exist in isolation from solar energy, much of the life associated with them relies either directly or indirectly on photosynthesis in the surface waters of the oceans. The sun indirectly provides oxygen, a byproduct of photosynthesis, which aerobic chemosynthetic microorganisms require to synthesize organic carbon from CO2. Planktonic life stages of many vent and cold seep invertebrates also directly feed on photosynthetically produced organic matter as they disperse to new vent and seep systems. While a large portion of the life at deep-sea chemosynthetic habitats can be linked to the sun and so could not survive without it, a small portion of anaerobically chemosynthetic microorganisms can persist in its absence. These small and exotic organisms have developed a way of life in the deep-sea which involves the use of resources originating in their entirety from terrestrial sources.

scholarly journals Hoplonemertean larvae are planktonic predators that capture and devour active animal prey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
George von Dassow ◽  
Cecili Mendes ◽  
Kara Robbins ◽  
Sonia Andrade ◽  
Svetlana Maslakova
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Larval Period ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Large Prey ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Suspended Algae

ABSTRACTThe superficially-simple ciliated planktonic larvae of hoplonemerteans have been assumed to be lecithotrophic direct developers, even though many develop from such small eggs that it is hard to imagine how they could give rise to a viable juvenile without some phase of larval feeding. Indeed, attempts to raise such larvae to settlement without food invariably fail. Observations that some hoplonemertean larvae are found in plankton samples at a range of sizes, and much larger than hatchlings, suggests they must indeed feed somehow. Since these “planuliform” larvae lack apparent means to concentrate suspended algae or other unicellular food, one alternative hypothesis is that they are planktonic predators that hunt large prey. Here we provide direct evidence that this is indeed the case for six distinct species of hoplonemerteans. We recorded wild-caught larvae of Paranemertes californica, Paranemertes sp., Gurjanovella littoralis, Emplectonema viride, Carcinonemertes epialti, and Ototyphlonemertes sp. attacking, subduing, and devouring pelagic crustaceans, including barnacle nauplii, cyprids, copepods and their nauplii, and others. While there is no doubt that some hoplonemerteans are genuine lecithotrophs, our evidence suggests that many species in this group both feed and grow during an extended planktonic larval period. This conclusion has important consequences for biogeographic and life-history studies in this group, because it implies enhanced potential for long-distance dispersal. More broadly, the possibility that many animal larvae are actually carnivores invites reconsideration of prevailing stereotypes about metazoan developmental modes and the trade-offs between them.

Extended Pre-Feeding Period in Planktotrophic Larvae of the Bathyal Echinoid Aspidodiadema Jacobyi

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 695-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.M. Young ◽  
J.L. Cameron ◽  
K.J. Eckelbarger
Keyword(s):  
Larval Development ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Hydrothermal Vents ◽  
Euphotic Zone ◽  
Shell Morphology ◽  
Benthic Boundary Layer ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Planktonic Food ◽  
Planktotrophic Larvae

The long-standing hypothesis (Thorson, 1946, 1950; Mileikovsky, 1971; Jablonski & Lutz, 1983) that deep-sea invertebrates should reproduce by direct development or by non-feeding (lecithotrophic) larvae is beginning to fall in the light of recent data. Traditional reasoning maintained that planktonic food should be limiting at great depths, and that microscopic, ciliated larvae should be incapable of migration to the euphotic zone. However, in recent years, planktotrophic larvae of two deep-sea gastropods have been collected in surface waters, and planktonic larval development has been inferred from shell morphology and chemistry in several other species (Bouchet & Warren, 1979; Killingley & Rex, 1985). Planktonic larvae have also been collected in the water column of the deep sea (Berg et al., 1985; Smith, 1985; Berg & Van Dover, 1987), particularly near hydrothermal vents. Relatively diverse benthopelagic plankton populations relying primarily on suspended detritus for food are now known from the benthic boundary layer of the deep sea (Wishner, 1980a, b; Gowing & Wishner, 1986). Thus, it is increasingly apparent that planktotrophy may be a common option for deep-sea larval development.

New species of Terebellides (Polychaeta: Trichobranchidae) indicate long-distance dispersal between western South Atlantic deep-sea basins

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3254 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SCHÜLLER ◽  
P. A. HUTCHINGS
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Distance Distribution ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Single Specimen ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Anterior Segments

During the expedition DIVA 3 in summer 2009, six new species of the genus Terebellides (Trichobranchidae) were discoveredfrom the deep Argentine and Brazil basins. Five of these (Terebellides gingko sp. n., Terebellides banalis sp. n., Terebellidesbulbosa sp. n., Terebellides concertina sp. n., Terebellides diva sp. n.) are formally described herein; the sixth species is onlybriefly described as it was represented by only a single specimen. While most species were represented by a few specimensfrom a single basin, T. gingko sp. n., was found in relative high abundances in both basins. Molecular analyses of 16S rDNAsequences confirmed the long-distance distribution of this species. Although branchiae are lost in the majority of specimensfound, all new species can clearly be separated from each other and Terebellides species formerly reported for shallow westernSouth Atlantic waters by the relationships between head structures and anterior segments, and the shape of thoracic and anterior uncini, presenting evidence for a diverse and previously undescribed diversity of Trichobranchidae in the world’s deep seas.

scholarly journals Occurrence and recent long-distance dispersal of deep-sea hydrothermal vent shrimps

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaku Tokuda ◽  
Akinori Yamada ◽  
Kazuma Nakano ◽  
Nao Arita ◽  
Hideo Yamasaki
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Hydrothermal Vent ◽  
Hydrothermal Vents ◽  
Okinawa Trough ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Cold Seeps ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Okinawa Trough

Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and methane seeps are extreme environments that have a high concentration of hydrogen sulphide. However, abundant unique invertebrates including shrimps of the family Bresiliidae have been found in such environments. The bresiliid shrimps are believed to have radiated in the Miocene (less than 20 Myr); however, the period when and the mechanisms by which they dispersed across the hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in oceans worldwide have not been clarified. In the present study, we collected the deep-sea blind shrimp Alvinocaris longirostris from the hydrothermal vent site in the Okinawa Trough and carried out the first investigation of the 18S rRNA gene of a bresiliid shrimp. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the bresiliid shrimp is situated at an intermediate lineage within the infraorder Caridea and shows monophyly with palaemonid shrimps, which live in shallow sea and freshwater. Furthermore, the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I ( COI ) gene sequences were analysed to determine the phylogenetic relationship with known bresiliid shrimps. A. longirostris of the Okinawa Trough had two haplotypes of the COI gene, one of which was identical to the Alvinocaris sp. of the cold seeps in Sagami Bay. These results indicate that a long-distance dispersal of A. longirostris occurred possibly within the last 100 000 years.

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