scholarly journals Matching loci surveyed to questions asked in phylogeography

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1826) ◽  
pp. 20152340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Ming Hung ◽  
Sergei V. Drovetski ◽  
Robert M. Zink

Although mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has long been used for assessing genetic variation within and between populations, its workhorse role in phylogeography has been criticized owing to its single-locus nature. The only choice for testing mtDNA results is to survey nuclear loci, which brings into contrast the difference in locus effective size and coalescence times. Thus, it remains unclear how erroneous mtDNA-based estimates of species history might be, especially for evolutionary events in the recent past. To test the robustness of mtDNA and nuclear sequences in phylogeography, we provide one of the largest paired comparisons of summary statistics and demographic parameters estimated from mitochondrial, five Z-linked and 10 autosomal genes of 30 avian species co-distributed in the Caucasus and Europe. The results suggest that mtDNA is robust in estimating inter-population divergence but not in intra-population diversity, which is sensitive to population size change. Here, we provide empirical evidence showing that mtDNA was more likely to detect population divergence than any other single locus owing to its smaller N e and thus faster coalescent time. Therefore, at least in birds, numerous studies that have based their inferences of phylogeographic patterns solely on mtDNA should not be readily dismissed.

Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Р.Н. АБИСАЛОВА

В статье рассмотрен один из мотивов осетинского Даредзановского эпоса – мотив прикованного героя, еще в древности вошедший в мифологию, фольклор, литературу многих народов и получивший название «мотив Прометея». Образ Прометея относится к «вечным образам» мировой художественной культуры. История прикования и освобождения Прометея и в древнегреческой мифологии, и в трагедии Эсхила позиционируется как топонимически привязанная к Кавказу. Именно здесь сюжет о наказанном Богом и прикованном богатыре получил распространение в национальных мифах и эпических преданиях – грузинских, осетинских, кабардинских, абхазских, вайнахских, армянских и др. Эти лаконичные предания об Амиране-Амране, по мнению Вс.Ф. Миллера, – кульминационные во всех источниках, рассказывающих об этом герое. Рассмотрены как древнегреческий Прометей, так и кавказские, в первую очередь осетинские, прикованные герои, представленные в работах Вс.Ф. Миллера, Г.Н. Потанина, Дз. Гатуева, Д.А. Калоевой, З.Г. Тменовой, Ю.А. Дзиццоты, Х.Ф. Цгоева и др. Образ Амирана сравнивается с соответствующими ему героями кавказских эпосов. При всей схожести мотивов богоборчества и наказания героя прикованием к скале или столбу нельзя не отметить отличия осетинского Амирана от остальных. В Даредзановских сказаниях он героическая личность, истинный богатырь, совершающий множество подвигов, побеждающий великанов, помогающий всем нуждающимся. Сын племянницы Бога, герой близок к народу, он побеждает врагов не только ради демонстрации силы, ловкости, хитрости, но и для спасения родных и друзей. В отличие от большинства кавказских прикованных героев, освобождение Амирана не предвещает гибель мира, напротив, осетинский Амиран, в случае освобождения, даст людям свободу и счастье. Многие мотивы в преданиях об Амране соотносятся с мотивами Нартовского эпоса. Амиран-Амран приравнивается к любимым героям осетинской Нартиады – Сослану, Батразу, Урузмагу, Шатане. В работе его образ рассмотрен для подтверждения объективной закономерности подобной репрезентации осетинского героя. The article deals with one of the motives of the Ossetian Daredzanian epic − the motive of the chained hero, which in ancient times entered the mythology, folklore, literature of many peoples and was called the "Prometheus motive". The image of Prometheus belongs to the "eternal images" of world art culture. The history of the chaining and liberation of Prometheus, both in ancient Greek mythology and in the tragedy of Aeschylus, is positioned as toponymically tied to the Caucasus. It was here that the plot about the God-punished and chained hero became widespread in national myths and epic legends − Georgian, Ossetian, Kabardian, Abkhaz, Vainakh, Armenian, etc. These laconic legends about Amiran-Amran, according to Vs.F. Miller, are culminating in all the sources telling about this hero. Both the ancient Greek Prometheus and the Caucasian, primarily Ossetian, chained heroes presented in the works of Vs.F. Miller, G.N. Potanin, Dz. Gatuev, D.A. Kaloeva, Z.G. Tmenova, Yu.A. Dzizzoity, Kh.F. Tsgoev and others. The image of Amiran is compared with the corresponding heroes of the Caucasian epics. With all the similarity of the motives of fighting against God and the punishment of the hero by being chained to a rock or a pillar, one cannot fail to note the difference between the Ossetian Amiran and the others. In Daredzan's legends, he is a heroic person, a true hero who performs many feats, conquers giants, and helps all those in need. The son of the niece of God, the hero is close to the people, he defeats enemies not only for the sake of demonstrating strength, dexterity, cunning, but also to save family and friends. Unlike most of the Caucasian chained heroes, the release of Amiran does not portend the death of the world, on the contrary, the Ossetian Amiran, if liberated, will give people freedom and happiness. Many motives in the legends about Amran correlate with the motives of the Nartov epic. Amiran-Amran is equated with the favorite heroes of the Ossetian Nartiada - Soslan, Batraz, Uruzmag, Shatana. In the work, his image is considered to confirm the objective regularity of such a representation of the Ossetian hero.


1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 671-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
B W Collins ◽  
H O Goodman ◽  
C H Swanton ◽  
C N Remy

Abstract A previous study showed that significantly less taurine is excreted in the urine by epileptics than by control subjects. The difference is ascribed to genetic variation in taurine transport governed by a pair of codominant polymorphic alleles. The present study of plasma taurine concentrations and urinary taurine output confirms previous findings among epileptics and provides evidence that some anticonvulsant medications may affect taurine transport. The posited codominant alleles represent the first single-locus component in the polygenic complexes creating susceptibility to seizures and epitomizes the small additive effects classically attributed to such genes.


Author(s):  
Goodarz Rashtiani

The main objective of the present chapter is to analyze the structure and features governing the relations between Iran and Russia in different political, economic, and social spheres in the period from the fall of Isfahan (1722) to the rise of the Qajar dynasty (1796) and to study the reasons for the difference in these relations compared to previous periods and Russia’s actions in Iran’s territory (the Caspian Sea and the Caucasus) with an emphasis on the developments in both countries, the role of ethnic minorities and local khanates, and the effect of regional and international conditions on the relations between the two countries.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Miao ◽  
Rongzhen Zhao ◽  
Xianli Wang

In order to solve the problem of blind separation of signals from dynamic hybrid rotor systems, this paper proposed an improved adaptive inertial weight particle swarm optimization method based on genetic mechanism. The method takes the negative entropy of separated signal as the objective function and adaptively adjusts the inertia weight according to the difference of particle fitness, thus reducing the number of invalid iterations. At the same time, genetic hybridization mechanism was introduced to increase population diversity and facilitate the processing of dynamic mixed signals. The orthogonal matrix is expressed as a parameterized form, which can reduce the complexity of the algorithm. The simulation results showed that the performance of the proposed method is better than that of the traditional method for blind separation of dynamic hybrid analog mechanical signals. It can separate the actual dynamic rotor system signals and achieve the purpose of fault feature extraction.


Numen ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-189
Author(s):  
Paul-Louis Van Berg

AbstractFriedrich Max Mueller thought that the "absurdity" of Aryan myths could be explained by a "disease of language," that is a shift implying that metaphor was taken for reality. Thus, cosmic and meteorological phenomena came to be considered as human beings living human adventures. He found the etiology of this disease in language, and specially in the polysemy and ambiguity of Vedic Sanskrit which he opposed to the limpidity of Hebrew. While the difference between the two languages does exist, the explanation has long been acknowledged to be false. Actually, the opposition becomes understandable if we consider that Indo-Europeans and Semites belong to much wider cultural basins. Indeed, characteristics attributed by Max Mueller to the Aryans also belong to the Altaic cultures, while those assigned to the Semites are shared not only by Hebrews, but also by many other Semitic and by non-Semitic cultures of the Near East. Hence, we can define two large cultural sets north and south of the Black Sea and the Caucasus. In the northern one, Indo-European and Altaic cultures share many traits: organization of space and time, society and knowledge, unreliability of the visible world, conception of the human body, rejection of figuration, for instance. In the southern one, we find radically different conceptions shared by the indigenous Near Eastern cultures. Considering that linguistic communication and ways of thinking are only aspects of these two cultural sets, elaborated separately since the Neolithic and adapted to different conditions of life, we may expect mythologies to reflect these differences and understand that the opposition of Vedic Sanskrit and Hebrew is only a small facet of a global phenomenon.


2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (5_suppl) ◽  
pp. 41-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniella J. Perlroth ◽  
Stephen F. Thompson ◽  
Yesenia Luna ◽  
Dana P. Goldman ◽  
Essy Mozaffari ◽  
...  

41 Background: ADT and chemotherapy use in men with mPC may differ across regions in community practice. The extent of variation could indicate whether men with mPC have appropriate access to effective treatments. Methods: We identified 16,024 men diagnosed with mPC in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database from 2000-2005 linked to their Medicare claims. Patients were excluded if they had a second cancer or disenrolled from Medicare Parts A or B (n=6,155), or failed to initiate therapy with ADT (n=3,400). We identified demographic and clinical information from SEER and treatments and comorbidities from J-codes and ICD-9 codes in the Medicare claims. We used regression models to estimate the probability of advancement to chemotherapy, the time from diagnosis to first ADT use, and time from first ADT to chemotherapy. Then the patient-level predicted results from these models were used to generate summary statistics by hospital service area (HSA). Results: There were 6,469 patients remaining after exclusion who were treated with ADT, and 1,198 of those received chemotherapy (19%). The median age was 76 years old, most were white (77%), married (62%), and 50% had 1 other major comorbidity (most frequent was diabetes, 21%). Men who were younger, married, with fewer comorbidities, and higher Gleason scores were statistically more likely to both receive chemotherapy and use it earlier. After adjusting for clinical and sociodemographic factors, the average time to ADT by referral region was 2.7 months but varied from 1.3 to 5.6; probability of progression to chemotherapy averaged 19% but varied from 6% to 30%, and the time from first ADT to chemotherapy averaged 19.7 months but varied from 12.9 to 25.7 months. The difference in time to ADT between regions in the 10th and 90th percentiles of use was 2.6 months, whereas for chemotherapy initiation, it was 12.4 months. Conclusions: Our results suggest that living in different parts of the country has a substantial impact on how clinically similar patients are treated. There was substantial variation across regions in use of and time to initiation of chemotherapy for men with mPC, but not in ADT use.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Shin Heng Mak ◽  
Robert Milan Porsch ◽  
Shing Wan Choi ◽  
Pak Chung Sham

AbstractPolygenic scores (PGS) are estimated scores representing the genetic tendency of an individual for a disease or trait and have become an indispensible tool in a variety of analyses. Typically they are linear combination of the genotypes of a large number of SNPs, with the weights calculated from an external source, such as summary statistics from large meta-analyses. Recently cohorts with genetic data have become very large, such that it would be a waste if the raw data were not made use of in constructing PGS. Making use of raw data in calculating PGS, however, presents us with problems of overfitting. Here we discuss the essence of overfitting as applied in PGS calculations and highlight the difference between overfitting due to the overlap between the target and the discovery data (OTD), and overfitting due to the overlap between the target the the validation data (OTV). We propose two methods — cross prediction and split validation — to overcome OTD and OTV respectively. Using these two methods, PGS can be calculated using raw data without overfitting. We show that PGSs thus calculated have better predictive power than those using summary statistics alone for six phenotypes in the UK Biobank data.


Hypertension ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 36 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. 715-716
Author(s):  
Larry D Atwood ◽  
Paul B Samollow ◽  
Southwest Fdn ◽  
Michael P Stern

P125 Pulse pressure, a measure of aortic stiffness, has recently been shown to be a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality in both normotensives and hypertensives. It is also an important predictor of left ventricular hypertrophy. Unfortunately, little is known about the genetic etiology of pulse pressure. To address this problem we performed genetic analysis on 46 randomly ascertained families (1306 individuals) in the San Antonio Family Heart Study. Pulse pressure (PP) was defined as the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Likelihood methods were used to construct a model that had both single-locus and polygenic components. The single-locus component included sex-specific and genotype-specific effects of both age and body mass index (BMI). Using this model we then performed two-point linkage analysis of 10 large families (440 individuals), which were a randomly chosen subset of the initial 46 families, that have been genotyped for 396 polymorphic markers. Results showed that when the model contained only the polygenic component and simple effects of the covariates then the heritability of PP is .21. Adding the single-locus component was highly significant (p<.0001). In addition, within the single-locus component, the sex-specific and genotype-specific effects of age and BMI were also highly significant (p<.002). This full model accounted for 73% of the total variation of PP. Linkage analysis of this model with each marker showed four markers with lodscores > 1.9, which is the Lander-Kruglyak standard for suggestive linkage. D21S1439 had a lodscore of 2.78 with a recombination fraction (θ) of 0.02. D7S1799 had a lodscore of 2.04 (θ=0.01). D8S1100 had a lodscore of 1.98 (θ=0.08) and D18S844 had a lodscore of 1.95 (θ=0.11). We conjecture that pulse pressure is affected by several major genes and that together these genes account for the highly significant genotype-specific single-locus effect observed here. Supported by HL54707 and HL45522.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Zygar-Hoffmann ◽  
Felix D. Schönbrodt

Relationship satisfaction can be assessed in retrospection, as a global evaluation, or as a momentary state. In two experience sampling studies (N = 130, N = 510) the specificities of these assessment modalities are examined. We show that 1) compared to other summary statistics like the median, the mean of relationship satisfaction states describes retrospective and global evaluations best (but the difference to some other summary statistics was negligible); 2) retrospection introduces an overestimation of the average annoyance in the relationship reported on a momentary basis, which results in an overall negative mean-level bias for retrospective relationship satisfaction; 3) this bias is most strongly moderated by global relationship satisfaction at the time of retrospection; 4) snapshots of momentary relationship satisfaction get representative of global evaluations after approximately two weeks of sampling. The findings extend the recall bias reported in the literature for retrospection of negative affect to the domain of relationship evaluations and assist researchers in designing efficient experience sampling studies.


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