scholarly journals Juvenile rank acquisition is associated with fitness independent of adult rank

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1922) ◽  
pp. 20192969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli D. Strauss ◽  
Daizaburo Shizuka ◽  
Kay E. Holekamp
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Maternal Investment ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Spotted Hyenas ◽  
Rating Method ◽  
Rank Acquisition ◽  
Future Work

Social rank is a significant determinant of fitness in a variety of species. The importance of social rank suggests that the process by which juveniles come to establish their position in the social hierarchy is a critical component of development. Here, we use the highly predictable process of rank acquisition in spotted hyenas to study the consequences of variation in rank acquisition in early life. In spotted hyenas, rank is ‘inherited’ through a learning process called ‘maternal rank inheritance.’ This pattern is very consistent: approximately 80% of juveniles acquire the exact rank expected under the rules of maternal rank inheritance. The predictable nature of rank acquisition in these societies allows the process of rank acquisition to be studied independently from the ultimate rank that each juvenile attains. In this study, we use Elo-deviance scores, a novel application of the Elo-rating method, to calculate each juvenile's deviation from the expected pattern of maternal rank inheritance during development. Despite variability in rank acquisition among juveniles, most of these juveniles come to attain the exact rank expected of them according to the rules of maternal rank inheritance. Nevertheless, we find that transient variation in rank acquisition in early life is associated with long-term fitness consequences for these individuals: juveniles ‘underperforming’ their expected ranks show reduced survival and lower lifetime reproductive success than better-performing peers, and this relationship is independent of both maternal rank and rank achieved in adulthood. We also find that multiple sources of early life adversity have cumulative, but not compounding, effects on fitness. Future work is needed to determine if variation in rank acquisition directly affects fitness, or if some other variable, such as maternal investment or juvenile condition, causes variation in both of these outcomes.

scholarly journals Juvenile rank acquisition influences fitness independent of adult rank

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli D Strauss ◽  
Daizaburo Shizuka ◽  
Kay E Holekamp
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Spotted Hyenas ◽  
Rating Method ◽  
Rank Acquisition

AbstractSocial rank has been identified as a significant determinant of fitness in a variety of species. The importance of social rank suggests that the process by which juveniles come to establish their position in the social hierarchy is a critical component of social development. Here, we use the highly predictable process of rank acquisition in spotted hyenas to study the consequences of variation in rank acquisition in early life. In spotted hyenas, rank is ‘inherited’ through a learning process called ‘maternal rank inheritance.’ This pattern is highly predictable: ~80% of juveniles acquire the exact rank predicted by the rules of maternal rank inheritance. This predictable nature of rank acquisition in these societies allows the process of rank acquisition to be studied independently from the ultimate rank that each juvenile attains. In this study, we use a novel application of the Elo-rating method to calculate each juvenile’s deviation from expected pattern of maternal rank inheritance during development. Despite variability in rank acquisition in juveniles, most of these juveniles come to attain the exact rank expected of them according to the rules of maternal rank inheritance. Nevertheless, we find that transient variation in rank acquisition in early life predicts long term fitness consequences for these individuals: juveniles ‘underperforming’ their expected ranks show reduced survival and lower lifetime reproductive success than better-performing peers. Finally, we present evidence that this variability in rank acquisition in early life represents a source of early life adversity, and that multiple sources of early life adversity have cumulative, but not compounding, effects on fitness.

scholarly journals Accelerated reproduction is not an adaptive response to early-life adversity in wild baboons

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (40) ◽  
pp. 24909-24919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea J. Weibel ◽  
Jenny Tung ◽  
Susan C. Alberts ◽  
Elizabeth A. Archie
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
Early Adversity ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Wild Female ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

In humans and other long-lived species, harsh conditions in early life often lead to profound differences in adult life expectancy. In response, natural selection is expected to accelerate the timing and pace of reproduction in individuals who experience some forms of early-life adversity. However, the adaptive benefits of reproductive acceleration following early adversity remain untested. Here, we test a recent version of this theory, the internal predictive adaptive response (iPAR) model, by assessing whether accelerating reproduction following early-life adversity leads to higher lifetime reproductive success. We do so by leveraging 48 y of continuous, individual-based data from wild female baboons in the Amboseli ecosystem in Kenya, including prospective, longitudinal data on multiple sources of nutritional and psychosocial adversity in early life; reproductive pace; and lifetime reproductive success. We find that while early-life adversity led to dramatically shorter lifespans, individuals who experienced early adversity did not accelerate their reproduction compared with those who did not experience early adversity. Further, while accelerated reproduction predicted increased lifetime reproductive success overall, these benefits were not specific to females who experienced early-life adversity. Instead, females only benefited from reproductive acceleration if they also led long lives. Our results call into question the theory that accelerated reproduction is an adaptive response to both nutritional and psychosocial sources of early-life adversity in baboons and other long-lived species.

scholarly journals Population Density and Temperature Influence the Return on Maternal Investment in Wild House Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Gerber ◽  
Yannick Auclair ◽  
Barbara König ◽  
Anna K. Lindholm
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Maternal Investment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Mus Musculus Domesticus ◽  
Sexual Competition ◽  
Survival And Reproduction

In mammals, reproduction is influenced by sexual competition, temperature and food availability and these factors might be crucial already during early life. Favorable early life environment and high maternal investment are expected to improve survival and reproduction. For example, in mammals, maternal investment via lactation predicts offspring growth. As body mass is often associated with fitness consequences, females have the potential to influence offspring fitness through their level of investment, which might interact with effects of population density and temperature. Here, we investigate the relationship between house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus) pup body mass at day 13 (used as approximation for weaning mass) and individual reproductive parameters, as well as longevity, under natural variation in population density and temperature (as approximation for season). Further, we assessed the extent to which mothers influence the body mass of their offspring until weaning. To do so, we analyzed life data of 384 house mice from a free-living wild commensal population that was not food limited. The mother’s contribution accounted for 49% of the variance in pup body mass. Further, we found a complex effect of population density, temperature and maternal investment on life-history traits related to fitness: shorter longevity with increasing pup body mass at day 13, delayed first reproduction of heavier pups when raised at warmer temperatures, and increased lifetime reproductive success for heavier pups at high densities. Our study shows that the effects of maternal investment are not independent of the effects of the environment. It thus highlights the importance of considering ecological conditions in combination with maternal effects to unravel the complexity of pup body mass on fitness measures.

scholarly journals Variation in social rank acquisition influences lifetime reproductive success in black-capped chickadees

2007 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
KRISTIN A. SCHUBERT ◽  
DANIEL J. MENNILL ◽  
SCOTT M. RAMSAY ◽  
KEN A. OTTER ◽  
PETER T. BOAG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
Rank Acquisition

Gender, Early Life Adversity, and Adult Health

2018 ◽  
pp. 62-74
Author(s):  
Chioun Lee ◽  
Carol D. Ryff ◽  
Christopher L. Coe
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
The Us ◽  
Physical Health Problems ◽  
Social Demographic ◽  
Future Work

There is considerable evidence that stressful experiences in early life affect a wide array of physical health problems in adulthood. Although social demographic characteristics, such as gender, are important determinants of exposure and vulnerability to early life adversities, relatively little attention has been given to the role of gender in the associations between early adversity and adult health. This review summarizes theoretical and empirical studies that explore various gender differences in these relationships. A conceptual model is proposed outlining potential pathways that explain how and under what conditions early experiences might compromise the health of women relative to men in adulthood. Then, recent empirical work is presented to illustrate the conceptual model. Finally, ideas for future work are suggested to investigate different aspects of this model using multiple waves from the Midlife in the US study.

scholarly journals Effects of early life adversity on maternal effort and glucocorticoids in wild olive baboons

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam K Patterson ◽  
Katie Hinde ◽  
Angela B Bond ◽  
Benjamin C Trumble ◽  
Shirley C Strum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Papio Cynocephalus ◽  
Papio Anubis ◽  
Intergenerational Effects ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Olive Baboons ◽  
Maternal Effort

Adverse experiences during early life exert important effects on development, health, reproduction, and social bonds, with consequences often persisting across generations. A mother's early life experiences can impact her offspring's development through a number of pathways, such as maternal care, physiological signaling through glucocorticoids, or even intergenerational effects like epigenetic inheritance. Early life adversity in female yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) predicts elevated glucocorticoids, reduced sociality, shortened lifespan, and higher offspring mortality. If baboon mothers with more early life adversity, experience poorer condition and struggle to provide for their offspring, this could contribute to the persisting transgenerational effects of adversity. Here, we examined the effects of mothers' early life adversity on their maternal effort, physiology, and offspring survivability in a population of olive baboons, Papio anubis. Mothers who experienced more adversity in their own early development exerted greater maternal effort (i.e., spent more time nursing and carrying) and had higher glucocorticoid metabolites than mothers with less early life adversity. Offspring of mothers with more early life adversity had reduced survivability compared to offspring of mothers with less early life adversity. There was no evidence that high maternal social rank buffered against the effects of early life adversity. Our data suggest early life experiences can have lasting consequences on maternal effort and physiology, which may function as proximate mechanisms for intergenerational effects of maternal experience.

scholarly journals Population density and temperature influence the return on maternal investment in wild house mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannick Auclair ◽  
Nina Gerber ◽  
Barbara König ◽  
Anna K. Lindholm
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Maternal Investment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Mus Musculus Domesticus ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Survival And Reproduction

AbstractIn mammals, reproduction is influenced by competitive stress, temperature and food availability and these factors might be crucial already during early life. Favourable early life environment and high maternal investment are expected to improve survival and reproduction. In mammals, maternal investment via lactation predicts offspring growth. As body mass is often associated with fitness consequences, females have the potential to influence offspring fitness through their level of investment, which might interact with effects of population density and temperature. Here, we investigate the relationship between pup body mass at day 13 (used as approximation for weaning mass) and individual reproductive parameters as well as longevity under natural variation in population density and temperatures. Further, we assess the extent to which mothers influence the body mass of their offspring until weaning. We analysed life data of 384 house mice (Mus musculus domesticus) from a free-living wild population that was not food limited. We found a complex effect of population density, temperature and maternal investment on life-history traits related to fitness: Shorter longevity with increasing pup body mass at day 13; delayed reproduction of heavier pups when raised at warmer temperatures; and increased lifetime reproductive success for heavier pups at high densities. House mice could use population density and temperature as cues for predicting future environmental conditions, allowing a mother to adjust her investment according to the environment in which offspring will breed in order to maximise fitness. This study highlights the importance of considering ecological conditions in combination with maternal effects.

scholarly journals Stress and Health: A Review of Psychobiological Processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 663-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daryl B. O'Connor ◽  
Julian F. Thayer ◽  
Kavita Vedhara
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Allostatic Load ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Neuroendocrine Responses ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Negative Health Outcomes ◽  
Stress And Health ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

The cumulative science linking stress to negative health outcomes is vast. Stress can affect health directly, through autonomic and neuroendocrine responses, but also indirectly, through changes in health behaviors. In this review, we present a brief overview of ( a) why we should be interested in stress in the context of health; ( b) the stress response and allostatic load; ( c) some of the key biological mechanisms through which stress impacts health, such as by influencing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation and cortisol dynamics, the autonomic nervous system, and gene expression; and ( d) evidence of the clinical relevance of stress, exemplified through the risk of infectious diseases. The studies reviewed in this article confirm that stress has an impact on multiple biological systems. Future work ought to consider further the importance of early-life adversity and continue to explore how different biological systems interact in the context of stress and health processes.

Resilience in Adolescence: Prospective Self Moderates the Association of Early Life Adversity with Psychopathology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Elizabeth Zinn ◽  
Edward Huntley ◽  
Daniel Keating
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Problems ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Early Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Externalizing Behavior Problems ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Latent Construct

Introduction. Early life adversity (ELA) can result in negative health-outcomes, including psychopathology. Evidence suggests that adolescence is a critical developmental period for processing ELA. Identity formation, which is crucial to this developmental period, may moderate the effect between ELA and psychopathology. One potential moderating variable associated with identity formation is Prospective Self, a latent construct comprised of future-oriented attitudes and behaviors.Methods. Participants are from the first wave of an ongoing longitudinal study designed to characterize behavioral and cognitive correlates of risk behavior trajectories. A community sample of 10th and 12th grade adolescents (N = 2017, 55% female) were recruited from nine public school districts across eight Southeastern Michigan counties in the United States. Data were collected in schools during school hours or after school via self-report, computer-administered surveys. Structural equation modeling was used in the present study to assess Prospective Self as a latent construct and to evaluate the relationship between ELA, psychopathology, and Prospective Self.Results. Preliminary findings indicated a satisfactory fit for the construct Prospective Self. The predicted negative associations between Prospective Self and psychopathology were found and evidence of moderation was observed for externalizing behavior problems, such that the effects of ELA were lower for individuals with higher levels of Prospective Self. Conclusion. These results support the role of Prospective Self in conferring resilience against externalizing behavior problems associated with ELA among adolescents. Keywords: Adolescence, Adverse Childhood Experiences, Psychopathology, Self-concept, Adolescent Health, Early Life Adversity

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