scholarly journals Effects of early life adversity on maternal effort and glucocorticoids in wild olive baboons

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam K Patterson ◽  
Katie Hinde ◽  
Angela B Bond ◽  
Benjamin C Trumble ◽  
Shirley C Strum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Papio Cynocephalus ◽  
Papio Anubis ◽  
Intergenerational Effects ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Olive Baboons ◽  
Maternal Effort

Adverse experiences during early life exert important effects on development, health, reproduction, and social bonds, with consequences often persisting across generations. A mother's early life experiences can impact her offspring's development through a number of pathways, such as maternal care, physiological signaling through glucocorticoids, or even intergenerational effects like epigenetic inheritance. Early life adversity in female yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) predicts elevated glucocorticoids, reduced sociality, shortened lifespan, and higher offspring mortality. If baboon mothers with more early life adversity, experience poorer condition and struggle to provide for their offspring, this could contribute to the persisting transgenerational effects of adversity. Here, we examined the effects of mothers' early life adversity on their maternal effort, physiology, and offspring survivability in a population of olive baboons, Papio anubis. Mothers who experienced more adversity in their own early development exerted greater maternal effort (i.e., spent more time nursing and carrying) and had higher glucocorticoid metabolites than mothers with less early life adversity. Offspring of mothers with more early life adversity had reduced survivability compared to offspring of mothers with less early life adversity. There was no evidence that high maternal social rank buffered against the effects of early life adversity. Our data suggest early life experiences can have lasting consequences on maternal effort and physiology, which may function as proximate mechanisms for intergenerational effects of maternal experience.

scholarly journals Effects of early life adversity on maternal effort and glucocorticoids in wild olive baboons

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam K. Patterson ◽  
Katie Hinde ◽  
Angela B. Bond ◽  
Benjamin C. Trumble ◽  
Shirley C. Strum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Olive Baboons ◽  
Wild Olive ◽  
Maternal Effort

scholarly journals The differential calibration of the HPA axis as a function of trauma versus adversity: A systematic review and p-curve meta-analyses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niki H. Kamkar ◽  
Cassandra J Lowe ◽  
J. Bruce Morton
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Curve Analysis ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Cortisol Reactivity ◽  
Evidential Value ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Relationship

Although there is an abundance of evidence linking the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to adverse early-life experiences, the precise nature of the association remains unclear. Some evidence suggests early-life adversity leads to cortisol hyper-reactivity, while other evidence suggests adversity leads to cortisol hypo-reactivity. Here, we distinguish between trauma and adversity, and use p-curves to interrogate the conflicting literature. In Study 1, trauma was operationalized according to DSM-5 criteria; the p-curve analysis included 68 articles and revealed that the literature reporting associations between trauma and blunted cortisol reactivity contains evidential value. Study 2 examined the relationship between adversity and cortisol reactivity. Thirty articles were included in the analysis, and p-curve demonstrated that adversity is related to heightened cortisol reactivity. These results support an inverted U-shaped function relating severity of adversity and cortisol reactivity, and underscore the importance of distinguishing between “trauma” and “adversity”.

Inflammatory and Epigenetic Pathways for Perinatal Depression

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Garfield ◽  
Herbert L. Mathews ◽  
Linda Witek Janusek
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Perinatal Depression ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Depression during the perinatal period is common and can have adverse consequences for women and their children. Yet, the biobehavioral mechanisms underlying perinatal depression are not known. Adverse early life experiences increase the risk for adult depression. One potential mechanism by which this increased risk occurs is epigenetic embedding of inflammatory pathways. The purpose of this article is to propose a conceptual model that explicates the linkage between early life adversity and the risk for maternal depression. The model posits that early life adversity embeds a proinflammatory epigenetic signature (altered DNA methylation) that predisposes vulnerable women to depression during pregnancy and the postpartum period. As proposed, women with a history of early life adversity are more likely to exhibit higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines and lower levels of oxytocin in response to the demands of pregnancy and new motherhood, both of which are associated with the risk for perinatal depression. The model is designed to guide investigations into the biobehavioral basis for perinatal depression, with emphasis upon the impact of early life adversity. Testing this model will provide a better understanding of maternal depressive risk and improve identification of vulnerable women who would benefit from targeted interventions that can reduce the impact of perinatal depression on maternal–infant health.

Life Events Shape Us

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack M. Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Brain

Psychiatry downplayed the importance of life events in causing mental illness from the 1960s on, favoring a view that all disorders except one are the result of abnormal genes affecting chemical processes in the brain. Studying the exception, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), when it was defined in 1980 helped lead to renewed recognition that early life adversity is central to all psychiatric conditions. At the same time, neuroscientists showed that early life experiences are capable of changing life-long behavior and brain function in laboratory animals. One mechanism by which this occurs is through the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Epigenetics is the way that the expression levels of genes are controlled without changing the underlying genetic code. Epigenetics is an attractive way of understanding how individual life experiences are translated in the brain into each person’s unique set of emotions, behaviors, abilities, and risks for psychiatric abnormalities.

scholarly journals Repeated Three-Hour Maternal Separation Induces Depression-Like Behavior and Affects the Expression of Hippocampal Plasticity-Related Proteins in C57BL/6N Mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaoyao Bian ◽  
Lili Yang ◽  
Zhongli Wang ◽  
Qing Wang ◽  
Li Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Forced Swimming Test ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
The Brain

Adverse early life experiences can negatively affect behaviors later in life. Maternal separation (MS) has been extensively investigated in animal models in the adult phase of MS. The study aimed to explore the mechanism by which MS negatively affects C57BL/6N mice, especially the effects caused by MS in the early phase. Early life adversity especially can alter plasticity functions. To determine whether adverse early life experiences induce changes in plasticity in the brain hippocampus, we established an MS paradigm. In this research, the mice were treated with mild (15 min, MS15) or prolonged (180 min, MS180) maternal separation from postnatal day 2 to postnatal day 21. The mice underwent a forced swimming test, a tail suspension test, and an open field test, respectively. Afterward, the mice were sacrificed on postnatal day 31 to determine the effects of MS on early life stages. Results implied that MS induces depression-like behavior and the effects may be mediated partly by interfering with the hippocampal GSK-3β-CREB signaling pathway and by reducing the levels of some plasticity-related proteins.

scholarly journals Title: Intergenerational effects of early adversity on survival in wild baboons

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew N. Zipple ◽  
Elizabeth A. Archie ◽  
Jenny Tung ◽  
Jeanne Altmann ◽  
Susan C. Alberts
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Early Adversity ◽  
Offspring Survival ◽  
Intergenerational Effects ◽  
Offspring Quality ◽  
Parental Effect ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
Wild Baboons

AbstractIn humans and nonhuman animals, early life adversity can affect an individual’s health, survival, and fertility for many years after the adverse experience. However, whether early life adversity also imposes intergenerational effects on the exposed individual’s offspring is not well understood. Here, we fill this gap by leveraging prospective, longitudinal data on a wild, long-lived primate. We find that juveniles whose mothers experienced early life adversity exhibit high mortality before age 4, and this effect is independent of the juvenile’s own experience of early adversity. Furthermore, our results point towards a strong role for classic parental effects in driving these effects: mothers that experienced early life adversity displayed reduced viability in adulthood, which in turn led to reductions in offspring survival. Importantly, these mothers’ juvenile offspring often preceded them in death by 1 to 2 years, indicating that, for high adversity mothers, the quality of maternal care declines near the end of life. While we cannot exclude direct effects of a parent’s environment on offspring quality (e.g., transgenerational epigenetic changes), our results are most consistent with a classic parental effect, in which the environment experienced by a parent affects its future phenotype and therefore its offspring’s phenotype. Together, our findings demonstrate that adversity experienced by individuals in one generation can have strong effects on the survival of offspring in the next generation, even if those offspring did not themselves experience early adversity.

scholarly journals Early life adversity as a predictor of sense of purpose during adulthood

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick L. Hill ◽  
Nicholas A. Turiano ◽  
Anthony L. Burrow
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Positive Aging ◽  
Sense Of Purpose ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Using Data

Feeling a sense of purpose in life appears to hold consistent benefits for positive aging and well-being. As such, it is important to consider the potential factors that promote or hinder the development of purposefulness over the lifespan. For instance, it remains unclear whether early life experiences, particularly adverse ones, may hold lasting influences on whether one feels purposeful into adulthood. The current study examined whether early life adversity predicted a diminished sense of purpose in adulthood using data from participants ( N = 3835) in the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Reports of early life adversity were associated with lower levels of purpose in adulthood, and chronological age failed to moderate this relationship.

Intergenerational effects of maternal early life adversity on infant DNA methylation of NR3C1

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 656
Author(s):  
Katherine Bowers ◽  
Hong Ji ◽  
Lili Ding ◽  
Robert Ammerman ◽  
Judith Van Ginkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Intergenerational Effects ◽  
Early Life Adversity

scholarly journals Juvenile rank acquisition is associated with fitness independent of adult rank

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1922) ◽  
pp. 20192969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli D. Strauss ◽  
Daizaburo Shizuka ◽  
Kay E. Holekamp
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Maternal Investment ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Spotted Hyenas ◽  
Rating Method ◽  
Rank Acquisition ◽  
Future Work

Social rank is a significant determinant of fitness in a variety of species. The importance of social rank suggests that the process by which juveniles come to establish their position in the social hierarchy is a critical component of development. Here, we use the highly predictable process of rank acquisition in spotted hyenas to study the consequences of variation in rank acquisition in early life. In spotted hyenas, rank is ‘inherited’ through a learning process called ‘maternal rank inheritance.’ This pattern is very consistent: approximately 80% of juveniles acquire the exact rank expected under the rules of maternal rank inheritance. The predictable nature of rank acquisition in these societies allows the process of rank acquisition to be studied independently from the ultimate rank that each juvenile attains. In this study, we use Elo-deviance scores, a novel application of the Elo-rating method, to calculate each juvenile's deviation from the expected pattern of maternal rank inheritance during development. Despite variability in rank acquisition among juveniles, most of these juveniles come to attain the exact rank expected of them according to the rules of maternal rank inheritance. Nevertheless, we find that transient variation in rank acquisition in early life is associated with long-term fitness consequences for these individuals: juveniles ‘underperforming’ their expected ranks show reduced survival and lower lifetime reproductive success than better-performing peers, and this relationship is independent of both maternal rank and rank achieved in adulthood. We also find that multiple sources of early life adversity have cumulative, but not compounding, effects on fitness. Future work is needed to determine if variation in rank acquisition directly affects fitness, or if some other variable, such as maternal investment or juvenile condition, causes variation in both of these outcomes.

Intestinal parasite burden in five troops of olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania

Parasitology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 489-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. M. Müller-Graf ◽  
D. A. Collins ◽  
M. E. J. Woolhouse
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Reproductive Status ◽  
Papio Cynocephalus ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Olive Baboons ◽  
Predominant Factor

SUMMARYA cross-sectional parasitological study of a population of wild olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis), consisting of 5 troops, was conducted in Gombe Stream National Park. Baboons were individually recognizable. Information on age, sex, troop membership, reproductive status, social rank and life-history of each individual baboon could be related to parasite infection. Seven helminth taxa and 2 protozoan taxa were found. All baboons were parasitized by at least 1 taxon. Distributions of helminths were aggregated among hosts. There were significant differences among troops in the prevalence of all but 2 of the recorded helminths. Age had a significant impact on the prevalence and intensity of Strongyloides sp. No significant effect of sex on the prevalence of infection could be detected. There was some indication that female reproductive status was related to Trichuris egg output. In contrast to a previous study, no significant correlations between parasite infection and social rank could be found. Troop membership constituted the predominant factor contributing to heterogeneity of prevalence of infection. This suggests that spatial location and/or genetics may be important in determining levels of parasite infection.

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