Radiocarbon dating

1970 ◽  
Vol 269 (1193) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Radioactive Decay ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Life On Earth

The cosmic ray production of new atoms in m atter is the basis of radiocarbon dating. In this case the atom is carbon of mass fourteen made from the most abundant atom in air—nitrogen of mass fourteen. Radiocarbon— carbon-14, 14 C—lasts 8300 years on the average (see note on radioactive decay on p. 10 for explanation of ‘half life’ and ‘average life’) before reverting in radioactive decay to nitrogen-14 and during this time it enters all living things as well as sea water and air. Chemically carbon dioxide (the product of the combustion of carbon with air—which is 20% oxygen) is the food of life and presumably the freshly produced 14 C atom burns sooner or later (probably in a few days, although this time is not at all well known) to 14 CO 2 a which is mixed with the ordinary carbon dioxide (0.03% in air) which contains mainly non-radioactive carbon atoms of masses 12 and 13 in abundances of 99% and 1%, respectively. The process which converts CO 2 a into plants—photosynthesis—is the way in which the radio­ carbon is introduced into living beings, for all life on Earth so far as is known either is a plant or lives off plants. In principle and in theory one could understand if organisms were to live off fossil (or primeval, if there be any) organic matter and that radiocarbon dating would not work for them. They would not be in touch with the cosmic rays through recent photosynthesis and the long time that coal or oil has been underground would have required that the original radiocarbon (assuming the cosmic rays were working when the coal and oil deposits were made) would long since have disappeared.

scholarly journals The Galactic cosmic ray intensity at the evolving Earth and young exoplanets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna Rodgers-Lee ◽  
Aline Vidotto ◽  
Andrew Taylor ◽  
Paul Rimmer ◽  
Turlough Downes
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Cosmic Ray Intensity ◽  
Chemical Signature ◽  
Exoplanetary Systems ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Ray

<p>Cosmic rays may have contributed to the start of life on Earth. Cosmic rays also influence and contribute to atmospheric electrical circuits, cloud cover and biological mutation rates which are important for the characterisation of exoplanetary systems. The flux of Galactic cosmic rays present at the time when life is thought to have begun on the young Earth or in other young exoplanetary systems is largely determined by the properties of the stellar wind. </p> <p>The spectrum of Galactic cosmic rays that we observe at Earth is modulated, or suppressed, by the magnetised solar wind and thus differs from the local interstellar spectrum observed by Voyager 1 and 2 outside of the solar system. Upon reaching 1au, Galactic cosmic rays subsequently interact with the Earth’s magnetosphere and some of their energy is deposited in the upper atmosphere. The properties of the solar wind, such as the magnetic field strength and velocity profile, evolve with time. Generally, young solar-type stars are very magnetically active and are therefore thought to drive stronger stellar winds. </p> <p>Here I will present our recent results which simulate the propagation of Galactic cosmic rays through the heliosphere to the location of Earth as a function of the Sun's life, from 600 Myr to 6 Gyr, in the Sun’s future. I will specifically focus on the flux of Galactic cosmic rays present at the time when life is thought to have started on Earth (~1 Gyr). I will show that the intensity of Galactic cosmic rays which reached the young Earth, by interacting with the solar wind, would have been greatly reduced in comparison to the present day intensity. I will also discuss the effect that the Sun being a slow/fast rotator would have had on the flux of cosmic rays reaching Earth at early times in the solar system's life.</p> <p>Despite the importance of Galactic cosmic rays, their chemical signature in the atmospheres’ of young Earth-like exoplanets may not be observable with instruments in the near future. On the other hand, it may instead be possible to detect their chemical signature by observing young warm Jupiters. Thus, I will also discuss the HR 2562b exoplanetary system as a candidate for observing the chemical signature of Galactic cosmic rays in a young exoplanetary atmosphere with upcoming missions such as JWST.</p>

scholarly journals Chemistry-climate model SOCOL-AERv2-BEv1 with the cosmogenic Beryllium-7 isotope cycle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kseniia Golubenko ◽  
Eugene Rozanov ◽  
Gennady Kovaltsov ◽  
Ari-Pekka Leppänen ◽  
Timofei Sukhodolov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Radioactive Decay ◽  
Solar Energetic Particle ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Atmospheric Dynamics ◽  
Solar Energetic Particle Event ◽  
Solar Cosmic Rays ◽  
Absolute Level

Abstract. Short-living cosmogenic isotope 7Be, produced by cosmic rays in the atmosphere, is often used as a probe for atmospheric dynamics. Previously, modelling of the beryllium atmospheric transport was performed using simplified box-models or air back-tracing codes. While the ability of full atmospheric dynamics models to model beryllium transport was demonstrated earlier, no such ready-to-use model is currently available. Here we present the chemistry-climate model SOCOL-AERv2-BEv1 to trace isotopes of beryllium in the atmosphere. The SOCOL (SOlar Climate Ozone Links) model has been improved by including modules for the production, deposition, and transport of beryllium. Production was modelled considering both galactic and solar cosmic rays, by applying the CRAC (Cosmic-Ray induced Atmospheric Cascade) model. Radioactive decay of 7Be was explicitly taken into account. Beryllium transport was modelled without additional gravitational settling due to the small size of the background aerosol particles. An interactive deposition scheme was applied including both wet and dry depositions. The modelling was performed, using a full nudging to the meteorological fields, for the period of 2003–2008 with a spin-up period of 1996–2002. The modelled concentrations of 7Be in near-ground air were compared with the measured, at a weekly cadence, ones in four nearly antipodal high-latitude locations, two in Northern (Finland and Canada) and two in Southern (Chile and Kerguelen Island) hemispheres. The model results agree with the measurements in the absolute level within error bars, implying that the production, decay and lateral deposition are correctly reproduced by the model. The model also correctly reproduces the temporal variability of 7Be concentrations on the annual and sub-annual scales, including a perfect reproduction of the annual cycle, dominating data in the Northern hemisphere. We also modelled the production and transport of 7Be for a major solar energetic-particle event of 20-Jan-2005. Concluding, a new full 3D time-dependent model, based on the SOCOL-AERv2, of beryllium atmospheric production, transport and deposition has been developed. Comparison with the real data of 7Be concentration in the near-ground air fully validates the model and its high accuracy.

Radiocarbon Dating at the Museum of Applied Science Victoria 1952–70: a Pioneer Venture

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian D. Rae
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Carbonaceous Material ◽  
Applied Science ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The 1950S

The Museum of Applied Science in Melbourne committed in the earlier 1950s to the development of a radiocarbon dating laboratory that would provide dates for carbonaceous material obtained by archaeologists and anthropologists. Progress through the 1950s was very slow due to under-resourcing and -staffing, but Victorian researchers obtained results by sending material to New Zealand and the USA for dating. The laboratory was officially opened in 1961 but few dates emerged. While the process for obtaining carbon dioxide from carbonaceous material, operated by chemist Anne Bermingham, was satisfactory, the apparatus for counting the carbon-14 decompositions, built by her and a series of electronics technicians was never satisfactory. The radiocarbon laboratorywas closed at the end of 1970, bywhich time several other dating services had opened in Australia.

scholarly journals Supernova remnants and the origin of cosmic rays

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (S296) ◽  
pp. 305-314
Author(s):  
Jacco Vink
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Supernova Remnants ◽  
Supernova Remnant ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Gamma Ray Emission

AbstractSupernova remnants have long been considered to be the dominant sources of Galactic cosmic rays. For a long time the prime evidence consisted of radio synchrotron radiation from supernova remnants, indicating the presence of electrons with energies of several GeV. However, in order to explain the cosmic ray energy density and spectrum in the Galaxy supernova remnant should use 10% of the explosion energy to accelerate particles, and about 99% of the accelerated particles should be protons and other atomic nuclei.Over the last decade a lot of progress has been made in providing evidence that supernova remnant can accelerate protons to very high energies. The evidence consists of, among others, X-ray synchrotron radiation from narrow regions close to supernova remnant shock fronts, indicating the presence of 10-100 TeV electrons, and providing evidence for amplified magnetic fields, gamma-ray emission from both young and mature supernova remnants. The high magnetic fields indicate that the condition for accelerating protons to >1015 eV are there, whereas the gamma-ray emission from some mature remnants indicate that protons have been accelerated.

Investigation of long-time cosmic-ray variations

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. S907-S910
Author(s):  
R. B. Salimzibarov ◽  
V. D. Sokolov ◽  
N. G. Skryabin ◽  
V. V. Klimenko ◽  
Yu. G. Shafer
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Ionization Chamber ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Charge Composition ◽  
Annual Variations ◽  
Long Time

During 1958–66 the flux and mean ionization chamber response of cosmic-ray particles were measured. On the basis of the experimental data the 11-year variations of the flux and of the charge composition of cosmic rays, and the annual variations, have been investigated.

scholarly journals Approach to Topographic Map, Hydrogeological and Environmental Isotopes Analysis to Delineation of Watersheds in Drought-prone Areas

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 01017
Author(s):  
Agus Budhie Wijatna ◽  
Tarsisius Aris Sunantyo
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Environmental Isotopes ◽  
Orthometric Height ◽  
Topographic Map ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Geological Cross Section ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
East West ◽  
Research Show

Gunung Kidul regency is one of the regencies in Indonesia that almost every year (often) is susceptible to drought, there is an even in term of synonymous with a drought in the province. Water is the essential lifeblood on Earth, with the power to generate, sustain, receive, and ultimately to unify life. Water is also one of the most important resources that need to be protected, conserved, and maintained to support humanity and all life on earth. Drought is a state of shortage of water supply in an area in which a prolonged period (several months to years). Usually, these events appear if a region is continuously subjected to rainfall below the average. Dry season long will cause drought. Drought is also a lack of water for human life and other living things in an area that is usually not a lack of water. The environmental isotopes most widely used as a tracer in the study of hydrology cycle are the stable isotopes deuterium (2H), oxygen-18 (18O) and carbon-13 and the radioisotopes tritium (3H) and carbon-14 (14C). The use of environmental isotopes as a tracer in groundwater studies are usually complementary to approach topography, hydro geology, and geology which has been frequently used. The result of this research show that elevation as an orthometric height of the 15 wells water in the research has a variation elevation which spread at most of the district in The from -18.390 m at Girisubo district up to 238.599 at Nglipar district m. Concerning with elevation of the water table at several geological cross section (East - West) are close to orthometric height.

scholarly journals Peran Agama Islam dalam Konservasi Hutan

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
Ariyadi Ariyadi ◽  
Siti Maimunah
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Forest Conservation ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Living Things ◽  
The World ◽  
Dioxide Absorber ◽  
Human Attitude ◽  
Life On Earth

This research departs from the concerns that occur at this time with the nature that has started not friendly with living things in it, it can be felt like rainfall in the dry season or vice versa, many animals are becoming extinct due to higher earth temperatures, the ozone layer that began thinning which is the heat that feels stinging the skin. Maintaining the preservation of the environment is part of the noble character that must be applied in the midst of human life. This is done by maintaining the sustainability of life in the world and preventing damage, disasters that can occur coupled with the greedy human attitude by destroying nature. These forests are the source of this natural force as water stores, oxygen producers, carbon dioxide absorber, germplasm sources, sources of food and food, wildlife habitats that if not properly managed will become extinct and the survival of life on earth will end. Meanwhile, the religion of Islam as the religion Rahmatan Lil 'Alamin ordered mankind to maintain and preserve the forest as a living environment, the human being made God on this earth as khalifah, interesting Islam Islam has its own point of view about forest conservation.

scholarly journals CAN CARBON DIOXIDE IN SEA WATER BE DIRECTLY DETERMINED BY TITRATION?

1916 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
Sergius Morgulis ◽  
Everett W. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sea Water

Carbon dioxide storage in Dead Sea water

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Al-Harahsheh ◽  
Raghad Al-Khatib ◽  
Aiman Al-Rawajfeh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Storage

scholarly journals Sexuality and Affection in the Time of Technological Innovation: Artificial Partners in the Japanese Context

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 296
Author(s):  
Beatriz Yumi Aoki ◽  
Takeshi Kimura
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Human Sexuality ◽  
Sexual Intimacy ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Recent years have witnessed an increase in the number of academic studies on the impact of technological advancements on human life, including possible transformations and changes in human sexuality following the development of sex-related devices, such as sex robots. In this context, terms such as posthuman sexuality, digisexuality, and techno-sexuality have emerged, signaling possible new understandings of sexual, intimacy, and emotional practices. It is important to note that ancient history shows that humankind has for a long time been fascinated with their relationship to non-living things, mostly human-like figures, such as dolls. The Ningyo (人形, the Japanese term for doll) has a long history of usage, and has deep religious and animistic significance in the Japanese context—there are records of sexual use as early as the 18th century. With this context in mind, this paper focuses on three Japanese examples, aiming to shine a light on beyond-human relationships, which include a Japanese man’s marriage to a digital character, sex dolls, and communicative robots, from both a sexual and emotional perspective. In a new horizon of sexual and romantic possibilities, how will humans respond, and what can emerge from these interactions?

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document