scholarly journals From the Lugiato–Lefever equation to microresonator-based soliton Kerr frequency combs

2018 ◽  
Vol 376 (2135) ◽  
pp. 20180113 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Lugiato ◽  
F. Prati ◽  
M. L. Gorodetsky ◽  
T. J. Kippenberg
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Formation ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Laser Frequency ◽  
Dissipative Structures ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Optical Systems ◽  
Frequency Synthesis ◽  
Frequency Combs ◽  
Optical Microresonators ◽  
On Chip

The model, that is usually called the Lugiato–Lefever equation (LLE), was introduced in 1987 with the aim of providing a paradigm for dissipative structure and pattern formation in nonlinear optics. This model, describing a driven, detuned and damped nonlinear Schroedinger equation, gives rise to dissipative spatial and temporal solitons. Recently, the rather idealized conditions, assumed in the LLE, have materialized in the form of continuous wave driven optical microresonators, with the discovery of temporal dissipative Kerr solitons (DKS). These experiments have revealed that the LLE is a perfect and exact description of Kerr frequency combs—first observed in 2007, i.e. 20 years after the original formulation of the LLE—and in particular describe soliton states. Observed to spontaneously form in Kerr frequency combs in crystalline microresonators in 2013, such DKS are preferred state of operation, offering coherent and broadband optical frequency combs, whose bandwidth can be extended exploiting soliton-induced broadening phenomena. Combined with the ability to miniaturize and integrate on-chip, microresonator-based soliton Kerr frequency combs have already found applications in self-referenced frequency combs, dual-comb spectroscopy, frequency synthesis, low noise microwave generation, laser frequency ranging, and astrophysical spectrometer calibration, and have the potential to make comb technology ubiquitous. As such, pattern formation in driven, dissipative nonlinear optical systems is becoming the central Physics of soliton micro-comb technology. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dissipative structures in matter out of equilibrium: from chemistry, photonics and biology (part 2)’.

scholarly journals Roadmap of Terahertz Imaging 2021

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4092
Author(s):  
Gintaras Valušis ◽  
Alvydas Lisauskas ◽  
Hui Yuan ◽  
Wojciech Knap ◽  
Hartmut G. Roskos
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Computational Imaging ◽  
Imaging Systems ◽  
Thz Imaging ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Frequency Combs ◽  
Wave Imaging ◽  
On Chip ◽  
Nano Imaging

In this roadmap article, we have focused on the most recent advances in terahertz (THz) imaging with particular attention paid to the optimization and miniaturization of the THz imaging systems. Such systems entail enhanced functionality, reduced power consumption, and increased convenience, thus being geared toward the implementation of THz imaging systems in real operational conditions. The article will touch upon the advanced solid-state-based THz imaging systems, including room temperature THz sensors and arrays, as well as their on-chip integration with diffractive THz optical components. We will cover the current-state of compact room temperature THz emission sources, both optolectronic and electrically driven; particular emphasis is attributed to the beam-forming role in THz imaging, THz holography and spatial filtering, THz nano-imaging, and computational imaging. A number of advanced THz techniques, such as light-field THz imaging, homodyne spectroscopy, and phase sensitive spectrometry, THz modulated continuous wave imaging, room temperature THz frequency combs, and passive THz imaging, as well as the use of artificial intelligence in THz data processing and optics development, will be reviewed. This roadmap presents a structured snapshot of current advances in THz imaging as of 2021 and provides an opinion on contemporary scientific and technological challenges in this field, as well as extrapolations of possible further evolution in THz imaging.

scholarly journals pyLLE: A Fast and User Friendly Lugiato-Lefever Equation Solver

2019 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Moille ◽  
Qing Li ◽  
Lu Xiyuan ◽  
Kartik Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Programming Language ◽  
Frequency Comb ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Dissipative Structures ◽  
Optical Systems ◽  
User Friendliness ◽  
Frequency Combs ◽  
Nonlinear Resonator ◽  
Comb Generation ◽  
Python Programming

The Lugiato-Lefever Equation (LLE), first developed to provide a description of spatial dissipative structures in optical systems, has recently made a significant impact in the integrated photonics community, where it has been adopted to help understand and predict Kerr-mediated nonlinear optical phenomena such as parametric frequency comb generation inside microresonators. The LLE is essentially an application of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE) to a damped, driven Kerr nonlinear resonator, so that a periodic boundary condition is applied. Importantly, a slow-varying time envelope is stipulated, resulting in a mean-field solution in which the field does not vary within a round trip. This constraint, which differentiates the LLE from the more general Ikeda map, significantly simplifies calculations while still providing excellent physical representation for a wide variety of systems. In particular, simulations based on the LLE formalism have enabled modeling that quantitatively agrees with reported experimental results on microcomb generation (e.g., in terms of spectral bandwidth), and have also been central to theoretical studies that have provided better insight into novel nonlinear dynamics that can be supported by Kerr nonlinear microresonators. The great potential of microresonator frequency combs (microcombs) in a wide variety of applications suggests the need for efficient and widely accessible computational tools to more rapidly further their development. Although LLE simulations are commonly performed by research groups working in the field, to our knowledge no free software package for solving this equation in an easy and fast way is currently available. Here, we introduce pyLLE, an open-source LLE solver for microcomb modeling. It combines the user-friendliness of the Python programming language and the computational power of the Julia programming language.

scholarly journals Stimulated Brillouin Review: Invented 50 Years Ago and Applied Today

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsa Garmire
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Brillouin Scattering ◽  
Phase Conjugation ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Microwave Signal ◽  
Optical Systems ◽  
Frequency Combs ◽  
Scientific Instrumentation ◽  
Stimulated Brillouin ◽  
Signal Processors

Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is embedded today in a variety of optical systems, such as advanced high-power lasers, sensors, microwave signal processors, scientific instrumentation, and optomechanical systems. Reduction in SBS power requirements involves use of optical fibers, integrated optics, micro-optic devices, and now nano-optics, often in high Q cavities. It has taken fifty years from its earliest invention by conceptual discovery until today for SBS to become a practical and useful technology in a variety of applications. Some of these applications are explained and it is shown how they are tied to particular attributes of SBS: phase conjugation, frequency shifts, low noise, narrow linewidth, frequency combs, optical and microwave signal processing, etc.

scholarly journals Nonlinearly broadened phase-modulated continuous-wave laser frequency combs characterized using DPSK decoding

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 2520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen-Bin Huang ◽  
Sang-Gyu Park ◽  
Daniel E. Leaird ◽  
Andrew M. Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Laser Frequency ◽  
Continuous Wave Laser ◽  
Frequency Combs ◽  
Wave Laser

scholarly journals On-chip dual-comb based on quantum cascade laser frequency combs

2015 ◽  
Vol 107 (25) ◽  
pp. 251104 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Villares ◽  
J. Wolf ◽  
D. Kazakov ◽  
M. J. Süess ◽  
A. Hugi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Cascade Laser ◽  
Laser Frequency ◽  
Frequency Combs ◽  
Quantum Cascade ◽  
On Chip

scholarly journals Toward new frontiers for terahertz quantum cascade laser frequency combs

Nanophotonics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-194
Author(s):  
Miriam S. Vitiello ◽  
Luigi Consolino ◽  
Massimo Inguscio ◽  
Paolo De Natale
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Cascade Lasers ◽  
Laser Frequency ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Optical Components ◽  
Optical Frequency Combs ◽  
Frequency Combs ◽  
Quantum Cascade ◽  
Technological Platform ◽  
Quantum Science ◽  
On Chip

AbstractBroadband, quantum-engineered, quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are the most powerful chip-scale sources of optical frequency combs (FCs) across the mid-infrared and the terahertz (THz) frequency range. The inherently short intersubband upper state lifetime spontaneously allows mode proliferation, with large quantum efficiencies, as a result of the intracavity four-wave mixing. QCLs can be easily integrated with external elements or engineered for intracavity embedding of nonlinear optical components and can inherently operate as quantum detectors, providing an intriguing technological platform for on-chip quantum investigations at the nanoscale. The research field of THz FCs is extremely vibrant and promises major impacts in several application domains crossing dual-comb spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, time-domain nanoimaging, quantum science and technology, metrology and nonlinear optics in a miniaturized and compact architecture. Here, we discuss the fundamental physical properties and the technological performances of THz QCL FCs, highlighting the future perspectives of this frontier research field.

A 240-GHz circularly polarized FMCW radar based on a SiGe transceiver with a lens-coupled on-chip antenna

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 415-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Statnikov ◽  
J. Grzyb ◽  
N. Sarmah ◽  
S. Malz ◽  
B. Heinemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Frequency Multiplier ◽  
Center Frequency ◽  
Radiated Power ◽  
Wave Radar ◽  
Compact Size ◽  
On Chip Antenna ◽  
On Chip

A 240-GHz monostatic circular polarized SiGe frequency-modulated continuous wave radar system based on a transceiver chip with a single on-chip antenna is presented. The radar transceiver front-end is implemented in a low-cost 0.13 µm SiGe HBT technology version with cut-off frequencies fT/fmaxof 300/450 GHz. The transmit block comprises a wideband ×16 frequency multiplier chain, a three-stage PA, while the receive block consists of a low-noise amplifier, a fundamental quadrature down-conversion mixer, and a three-stage PA to drive the mixer. A differential branch-line coupler and a differential dual-polarized on-chip antenna are added on-chip to realize a fully integrated radar transceiver. All building blocks are implemented fully differential. The use of a single antenna in the circular polarized radar transceiver leads to compact size and high sensitivity. The measured peak-radiated power from the Si-lens equipped radar module is +11 dBm (equivalent isotropically radiated power) at 246 GHz and noise figure is 21 dB. The characterization bandwidth of the radar transceiver is 60 GHz around the center frequency of 240 GHz, and the simulated Tx-to-Rx leakage is below −20 dB from 230 to 260 GHz. After system calibration the resolution of the system to distinguish between two targets at different distance of 3.65 mm is achieved, which is only 21% above the theoretical limit.

scholarly journals Frequency microcomb stabilization via dual-microwave control

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhinav Kumar Vinod ◽  
Shu-Wei Huang ◽  
Jinghui Yang ◽  
Mingbin Yu ◽  
Dim-Lee Kwong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Noise Suppression ◽  
Frequency Comb ◽  
Frequency Instability ◽  
Laser Frequency ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Optical Frequency ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Frequency Combs ◽  
External Frequency ◽  
Microwave Control

AbstractOptical frequency comb technology has been the cornerstone for scientific breakthroughs in precision metrology. In particular, the unique phase-coherent link between microwave and optical frequencies solves the long-standing puzzle of precision optical frequency synthesis. While the current bulk mode-locked laser frequency comb has had great success in extending the scientific frontier, its use in real-world applications beyond the laboratory setting remains an unsolved challenge due to the relatively large size, weight and power consumption. Recently microresonator-based frequency combs have emerged as a candidate solution with chip-scale implementation and scalability. The wider-system precision control and stabilization approaches for frequency microcombs, however, requires external nonlinear processes and multiple peripherals which constrain their application space. Here we demonstrate an internal phase-stabilized frequency microcomb that does not require nonlinear second-third harmonic generation nor optical external frequency references. We demonstrate that the optical frequency can be stabilized by control of two internally accessible parameters: an intrinsic comb offset ξ and the comb spacing frep. Both parameters are phase-locked to microwave references, with phase noise residuals of 55 and 20 mrad respectively, and the resulting comb-to-comb optical frequency uncertainty is 80 mHz or less. Out-of-loop measurements confirm good coherence and stability across the comb, with measured optical frequency instability of 2 × 10−11 at 20-second gate time. Our measurements are supported by analytical theory including the cavity-induced modulation instability. We further describe an application of our technique in the generation of low noise microwaves and demonstrate noise suppression of the repetition rate below the microwave stabilization limit achieved.

scholarly journals Noise Measurement and Reduction in Mode-Locked Lasers: Fundamentals for Low-Noise Optical Frequency Combs

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7650
Author(s):  
Haochen Tian ◽  
Youjian Song ◽  
Minglie Hu
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Noise Measurement ◽  
Optical Systems ◽  
Optical Frequency ◽  
Development Mode ◽  
Optical Frequency Combs ◽  
Frequency Combs ◽  
Mode Locked Lasers

After five decades of development, mode-locked lasers have become significant building blocks for many optical systems in scientific research, industry, and biomedicine. Advances in noise measurement and reduction are motivated for both shedding new light on the fundamentals of realizing ultra-low-noise optical frequency combs and their extension to potential applications for standards, metrology, clock comparison, and so on. In this review, the theoretical models of noise in mode-locked lasers are first described. Then, the recent techniques for timing jitter, carrier-envelope phase noise, and comb-line noise measurement and their stabilization are summarized. Finally, the potential of the discussed technology to be fulfilled in novel optical frequency combs, such as electro-optic (EO) modulated combs, microcombs, and quantum cascade laser (QCL) combs, is envisioned.

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