The long-term effect of oil pollution on marine populations, communities and ecosystems: some questions

An evaluation of the consequences of environmental contamination requires an understanding of the extent to which it is responsible for changes in populations of organisms in the affected area. Population change is not solely related to mortality which may be observed, but depends also on the population dynamics, stock size and survival strategy of the species affected. Population changes affecting species of commercial or sentimental importance or whose diminution is followed by major community adjustment, are regarded more seriously than those of other species. Community adjustment to stress by contaminants may be subtle, difficult to detect and still more so to evaluate. In some instances it is possible to unravel the causative agents, but studies of community response to stress have lagged behind those at lower organizational levels of the individual, tissue or cell. The succeeding papers address questions arising from these considerations.

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Introduction

Effects of Climate Change on Birds ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198824268.003.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 3-4

Author(s):

Peter O. Dunn ◽

Anders Pape Møller

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Research Trends ◽

Data Sources ◽

Future Research ◽

Population Changes ◽

General Introduction ◽

The Third ◽

Evolutionary Changes ◽

The Individual

Climate change is considered the largest environmental problem of this century, and birds have been a bellwether of the impacts of climate change on animals because their behaviour and population changes have been documented for decades. Since the first edition of this book the increase in studies of the effects of climate change on birds has been exponential, making it difficult for researchers to stay abreast of developments in the field. In this second edition we enlisted leaders in the field to provide up-to-date summaries of the latest advances in their field. The book consists of four sections. In the first section, there is a general introduction to climate and climate change. In the second section, five chapters provide an introduction to methods and data sources for studying climate change and its effects. In the third section, we have chapters that focus on the individual and population consequences of climate change, ranging from changes in physiology and behaviour to shifts in distribution and abundance and long-term evolutionary changes. In the fourth and last section, the chapters focus on interspecific effects of climate change, some of the conservation challenges we face, and a review of how the effects on birds are linked to other taxa. We end with a chapter reviewing future research trends and challenges.

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Використання біомаркерів мозку донних риб для оцінки забруднення Керченської протоки Чорного моря

Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University Biology medicine ◽

10.15421/021236 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 81-88

Author(s):

E. V. Sukharenko ◽

R. А. Novitsky ◽

V. S. Nedzvetsky

Keyword(s):

Oil Pollution ◽

Ecological Monitoring ◽

Neural System ◽

Comparative Investigation ◽

Term Effect ◽

The Black Sea ◽

Kerch Strait ◽

Long Term Effect ◽

Shallow Part

Fish were sampled at the shallow part of the Kerch Strait, where the shipwreck brought to ecological emergency in 2007. There were used ichthyotoxicology, biochemistry and immunochemistry methods for the research of fish populations. Comparative investigation of samples from both polluted and uncontaminated regions (Vorskla River) shows the changes in metabolism of cytoskeleton proteins of astrocytes from the monkey goby Neogobius fluviatilis. The results are evidence of the neural cell pathology of ground fish from the polluted region. The neural system pathology could be a result of long-term effect of oil pollution in the Kerch Strait. There was shown the validity of the N. fluviatilis brain’s astroglial reactivity for the assessment of the population state. The presented data substantiate the necessity of ecological monitoring of the shallow biotopes of that region of the Black Sea.

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Homeodomain protein Otp affects developmental neuropeptide switching in oxytocin neurons associated with a long-term effect on social behavior

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.22170 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Einav Wircer ◽

Janna Blechman ◽

Nataliya Borodovsky ◽

Michael Tsoory ◽

Ana Rita Nunes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Behavior ◽

Social Preference ◽

Single Cell Analysis ◽

Homeodomain Protein ◽

Cell Analysis ◽

Social Stimuli ◽

Long Term Effect ◽

Response To Stress ◽

And Function

Proper response to stress and social stimuli depends on orchestrated development of hypothalamic neuronal circuits. Here we address the effects of the developmental transcription factor orthopedia (Otp) on hypothalamic development and function. We show that developmental mutations in the zebrafish paralogous gene otpa but not otpb affect both stress response and social preference. These behavioral phenotypes were associated with developmental alterations in oxytocinergic (OXT) neurons. Thus, otpa and otpb differentially regulate neuropeptide switching in a newly identified subset of OXT neurons that co-express the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Single-cell analysis revealed that these neurons project mostly to the hindbrain and spinal cord. Ablation of this neuronal subset specifically reduced adult social preference without affecting stress behavior, thereby uncoupling the contribution of a specific OXT cluster to social behavior from the general otpa−/− deficits. Our findings reveal a new role for Otp in controlling developmental neuropeptide balance in a discrete OXT circuit whose disrupted development affects social behavior.

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Long-term effects of chemotherapy in patients with testicular cancer.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.1992.10.4.574 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 574-579 ◽

Cited By ~ 94

Author(s):

S Osanto ◽

A Bukman ◽

F Van Hoek ◽

P J Sterk ◽

J A De Laat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Testicular Cancer ◽

Germ Cell Tumors ◽

Conversational Speech ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Long Term Effect ◽

Hearing Function ◽

Testicular Carcinoma ◽

The Individual

PURPOSE Combination chemotherapy regimens that include cisplatin (CDDP) and bleomycin (BLE) result in the cure of the majority of patients with malignant germ cell tumors of the testis. We investigated the long-term damage of such chemotherapy to renal, pulmonary, and hearing function. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-three patients with disseminated testicular carcinoma were studied 1.5 to 9.3 years (median, 4.1 years) after completion of chemotherapy. All 43 patients received CDDP; of these, 39 also received BLE, 27 vinblastine (VLB), and 27 etoposide (VP-16). Mean cumulative doses of individual cytotoxic drugs administered were CDDP 483 mg/m2 (range, 189 to 1,173 mg/m2), BLE 160 mg/m2 (range, 81 to 311 mg/m2), VLB 31 mg/m2 (range, 19 to 158 mg/m2), and VP-16 667 mg/m2 (range, 242 to 1,455 mg/m2). RESULTS In the majority of cases, values of renal, pulmonary, and hearing function were within the normal range before treatment. An initial decrease in renal, pulmonary, and hearing function was observed, with recovery of pulmonary function at late follow-up. On average, a decrease of 15% in creatinine clearance rates was observed at late follow-up. Long-term effect on audiometric function was considerable, but frequencies affected were outside the range of conversational speech. With multivariate analysis, no overall relation between the cumulative doses of the individual drugs and the loss in organ function was found; the cumulative doses of CDDP and BLE only contributed approximately 30% to the loss in renal function and vital capacity, respectively. CONCLUSION Chemotherapy-induced pulmonary toxicity is reversible, whereas nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity are not. However, the long-term effects of chemotherapy in testicular cancer patients were minor and not invalidating.

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LAWS RELATING TO THE USE OF MARIJUANA

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.47.4.785 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 785-785

Keyword(s):

Young People ◽

Child Health ◽

American Academy ◽

Maximum Degree ◽

Term Effect ◽

Executive Board ◽

American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽

Long Term Effect ◽

The Individual

At its meeting on October 15, 1970 the Executive Board approved the following statement on marijuana, which was prepared by the Massachusetts Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics and is published on the recommendation of the Academy's Council on Child Health and Committee on Youth: (1) Young people view the inclusion of marijuana as a narcotic, with all its attendant severe punitive connotations, as another example of hypocrisy and lack of justice in America today. (2) As marijuana is not considered a narcotic but rather a hallucinogen and does not produce addiction as such, it is inappropriate to continue to have this drug subject to the narcotic laws, i.e., the Harrison Narcotic Act. (3) The penalties for possession and being in the presence of marijuana are severe in terms of their immediate and long-term effect on the individual. This opinion is based on the nature of the drug and the cultural circumstances associated with its use. Possession and being present should be changed from a felony to a misdemeanor. (4) However, marijuana, as a potentially harmful drug, should not be legalized in any amount at this time. Legalization, if ever, should be deferred until a maximum degree of research and study on the matter can be accomplished.

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