Transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie to mice: strain variation and the species barrier

1994 ◽  
Vol 343 (1306) ◽  
pp. 405-411 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
New Host ◽  
Disease Characteristics ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
Specific Influence ◽  
Donor Species ◽  
Selection Of

Transmissions of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) from seven unrelated cattle sources have given remarkably uniform disease characteristics in mice, differing from over twenty previous and contemporary transmissions of sheep and goat scrapie. Transmissions to mice of spongiform encephalopathy from six species (including sheep and goats) which have been experimentally or naturally infected with bse have given similar results to direct BSE transmissions from cattle. Therefore the BSE agent has retained its identity when passaged through a range of species and the ‘donor’ species has little specific influence on disease characteristics in mice, adding to evidence for an agent-specific informational molecule. On transmission of BSE or scrapie to mice the incubation periods are long compared with subsequent mouse-to-mouse passages (the ‘species barrier’). C ontributing factors include a low efficiency of infection on interspecies transmission, the apparent failure of intracerebrally injected ‘foreign’ inoculum to establish infection directly in mouse brain and the selection of variant strains of agent which replicate most readily in the new host species.

Zombie deer and the species barrier. Should humans worry about it?

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Chronic Wasting Disease ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Wasting Disease ◽  
Prion Infection ◽  
The Moment

This commentary reports of a deer chronic disease (chronic wasting disease - CWD), which might be transmitted to humans. It is due to a prion infection, similar to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). At the moment, it is not known if the disease may be transmitted to humans. That is why all of us should be aware of the disease, and more careful while consuming deer meat.

scholarly journals Resistance of Domestic Cats to a US Sheep Scrapie Agent by Intracerebral Route

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 444-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir N. Hamir ◽  
Wilber W. Clark ◽  
Diane L. Sutton ◽  
Janice M. Miller ◽  
Mick J. Stack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Blot ◽  
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Neurologic Disease ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Scrapie Agent ◽  
Abnormal Form ◽  
Sheep Scrapie

Feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE) is thought to have resulted from consumption of food contaminated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy and the latter is believed to result from the consumption of food contaminated with scrapie. However, no direct experimental documentation exists to indicate that the scrapie agent is capable of amplifying in cats, and, therefore, crossing the species barrier. During 1979, 6 cats ranging in age from 3.5 to 18 months were intracerebrally inoculated with sheep scrapie (inoculum G-639-PP) and were observed for an extended period. Inoculated cats did not develop neurologic disease, and microscopic lesions of spongiform encephalopathy were not evident. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot techniques failed to detect the abnormal form of prion protein (PrPres). These results indicate that the sheep scrapie agent (G-639-PP) used in this study was not capable of amplifying in cats and therefore was unable to cross the species barrier to produce FSE.

scholarly journals Adaptation and Selection of Prion Protein Strain Conformations following Interspecies Transmission of Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (12) ◽  
pp. 5542-5547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason C. Bartz ◽  
Richard A. Bessen ◽  
Debbie McKenzie ◽  
Richard F. Marsh ◽  
Judd M. Aiken
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Prion Protein ◽  
Prion Diseases ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathies ◽  
Strain Adaptation ◽  
Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACT Interspecies transmission of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, can result in the adaptation and selection of TSE strains with an expanded host range and increased virulence such as in the case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. To investigate TSE strain adaptation, we serially passaged a biological clone of transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) into Syrian golden hamsters and examined the selection of distinct strain phenotypes and conformations of the disease-specific isoform of the prion protein (PrPSc). The long-incubation-period drowsy (DY) TME strain was the predominate strain, based on the presence of its strain-specific PrPSc following interspecies passage. Additional serial passages in hamsters resulted in the selection of the hyper (HY) TME PrPSc strain-dependent conformation and its short incubation period phenotype unless the passages were performed with a low-dose inoculum (e.g., 10−5 dilution), in which case the DY TME clinical phenotype continued to predominate. For both TME strains, the PrPSc strain pattern preceded stabilization of the TME strain phenotype. These findings demonstrate that interspecies transmission of a single cloned TSE strain resulted in adaptation of at least two strain-associated PrPScconformations that underwent selection until one type of PrPSc conformation and strain phenotype became predominant. To examine TME strain selection in the absence of host adaptation, hamsters were coinfected with hamster-adapted HY and DY TME. DY TME was able to interfere with the selection of the short-incubation HY TME phenotype. Coinfection could result in the DY TME phenotype and PrPSc conformation on first passage, but on subsequent passages, the disease pattern converted to HY TME. These findings indicate that during TSE strain adaptation, there is selection of a strain-specific PrPSc conformation that can determine the TSE strain phenotype.

scholarly journals Sheep-Passaged Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent Exhibits Altered Pathobiological Properties in Bovine-PrP Transgenic Mice

2006 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 835-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Espinosa ◽  
Olivier Andréoletti ◽  
Joaquín Castilla ◽  
María Eugenia Herva ◽  
Mónica Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Subsequent Passage ◽  
Sheep Scrapie ◽  
Cattle And Sheep ◽  
Transmission Barrier

ABSTRACT Sheep can be experimentally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and the ensuing disease is similar to scrapie in terms of pathogenesis and clinical signs. BSE infection in sheep is an animal and human health concern. In this study, the transmission in BoPrP-Tg110 mice of prions from BSE-infected sheep was examined and compared to the transmission of original cattle BSE in cattle and sheep scrapie prions. Our results indicate no transmission barrier for sheep BSE prions to infect BoPrP-Tg110 mice, but the course of the disease is accelerated compared to the effects of the original BSE isolate. The shortened incubation period of sheep BSE in the model was conserved in subsequent passage in BoPrP-Tg110 mice, indicating that it is not related to infectious titer differences. Biochemical signature, lesion profile, and PrPSc deposition pattern of both cattle and sheep BSE were similar. In contrast, all three sheep scrapie isolates tested showed an evident transmission barrier and further adaptation in subsequent passage. Taken together, those data indicate that BSE agent can be altered by crossing a species barrier, raising concerns about the virulence of this new prion towards other species, including humans. The BoPrP-Tg110 mouse bioassay should be considered as a valuable tool for discriminating scrapie and BSE in sheep.

scholarly journals The Critical Interspecies Transmission Barrier at the Animal–Human Interface

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subbarao
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
New Host ◽  
Human Interface ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) infect humans and a wide range of animal species in nature, and waterfowl and shorebirds are their reservoir hosts. Of the 18 haemagglutinin (HA) and 11 neuraminidase (NA) subtypes of IAV, 16 HA and 9 NA subtypes infect aquatic birds. However, among the diverse pool of IAVs in nature, only a limited number of animal IAVs cross the species barrier to infect humans and a small subset of those have spread efficiently from person to person to cause an influenza pandemic. The ability to infect a different species, replicate in the new host and transmit are three distinct steps in this process. Viral and host factors that are critical determinants of the ability of an avian IAV to infect and spread in humans are discussed.

scholarly journals Comparative titration of experimental ovine BSE infectivity in sheep and mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 714-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo González ◽  
Francesca Chianini ◽  
Stuart Martin ◽  
Sílvia Sisó ◽  
Louise Gibbard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Cattle Disease ◽  
Mouse Species ◽  
Comparative Titration

Titration studies of the infectivity of experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in sheep are necessary to assess the risk for human health posed by the ovine infection relative to the original cattle disease. Here, a comparative titration was performed of sheep-passaged BSE infectivity in Romney sheep and RIII mice, by the intracerebral (i.c.) and i.c. plus intraperitoneal (i.p.) routes, respectively. The sheep-to-mouse species barrier was lower than anticipated, as similar titres were obtained for both sheep [1×105.4 (i.c.) ID50 g−1)] and mice [1×105.0 (i.c.+i.p.) ID50 g−1]. Moreover, sheep of the ARR/ARR PrP genotype all succumbed to i.c. challenge with a 10−3 dilution of 0.5 g of a brainstem pool from BSE-affected sheep, indicating that resistance to natural infection in sheep of this genotype must reside in some mechanism of peripheral pathogenesis.

scholarly journals A Bovine Prion Acquires an Epidemic Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Strain-Like Phenotype on Interspecies Transmission

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (26) ◽  
pp. 6965-6971 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Beringue ◽  
O. Andreoletti ◽  
A. Le Dur ◽  
R. Essalmani ◽  
J.-L. Vilotte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy

scholarly journals Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in sheep and goats – answers from the European Commission

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (34) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathy ◽  
Spongiform Encephalopathies ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
The Family ◽  
Jakob Disease ◽  
Selection Of

The European Commission has issued a series of answers to a selection of questions on Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE), the family of illnesses that includes Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease (CJD) in humans, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

scholarly journals Influenza in birds, pigs and humans: how strong is the species barrier?

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Van REETH ◽  
A. De VLEESCHAUWER ◽  
C. S. KYRIAKIS
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
New Host ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Avian Viruses ◽  
New Host Species

The recent epizootics of the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in poultry and the occasional infections of humans and other mammals, including pigs and felines, have alerted the international scientific community. New questions over the interspecies transmission of influenza viruses have been raised and the role of the pig as a "mixing vessel" of avian and human viruses has been criticized. The major aim of this review is to evaluate the zoonotic potential of avian and swine influenza. Interspecies transmissions of influenza viruses are rare virus-evolution events and very few viruses have succeeded to become established in new host species. Until the appearance of the H5N1 virus in 1996 only 3 cases of humans infected with avian viruses were recorded. The lack of human-to-human transmission of H5N1 demonstrates that extensive changes in the virus genome are required in order to overcome the species barrier. Although avian influenza viruses have been isolated from pigs, only in one occasion an avian H I N I virus transmitted from wild ducks to pigs was able to further spread in the swine population. The susceptibility of swine to highly and low pathogenic avian viruses has been confirmed in experimental studies, but pig-to-pig transmission has not been demonstrated. Experimental and natural transmission of highly pathogenic avian viruses to felines, mice, ferrets and maqacues are also discussed, showing the major differences in the virus pathogenesis among different mammalian species. The study of this pathogenesis may offer insights to the reasons of limited virus spread within a new host. We may conclude that, contrary to common believes, the species barrier remains a serious obstacle for the spread of novel influenza viruses in new host species, including humans. Our experience with H5N1 and H7N7 has tested old established theories, proving them insufficient. Further study of the factors which influence and limit the transmission of influenza viruses from one species to another is needed to better understand and evaluate the risk of the emergence of new pandemic influenza viruses.

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