scholarly journals The past, the future and the biology of memory storage

1999 ◽  
Vol 354 (1392) ◽  
pp. 2027-2052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric R. Kandel ◽  
Christopher Pittenger
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Memory Research ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Mechanisms Of Memory ◽  
The Brain

We here briefly review a century of accomplishments in studying memory storage and delineate the two major questions that have dominated thinking in this area: the systems question of memory, which concerns where in the brain storage occurs; and the molecular question of memory, which concerns the mechanisms whereby memories are stored and maintained. We go on to consider the themes that memory research may be able to address in the 21st century. Finally, we reflect on the clinical and societal import of our increasing understanding of the mechanisms of memory, discussing possible therapeutic approaches to diseases that manifest with disruptions of learning and possible ethical implications of the ability, which is on the horizon, to ameliorate or even enhance human memory.

scholarly journals The parents of neuroscience and the neuroscience of parents

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (83) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilton Santos da Silva ◽  
Katie Coren Freeman ◽  
Craig Howard Kinsley
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

Today’s burgeoning science of the mind, neuroscience stands on the shoulders of giants, great minds that have madehistory and still influence present day neurobiology because the strength of their contributions was so widespread andenduring. Our contribution will discuss some of the major forebears of neuroscience, and their continued contribution tothe field. We will trace some of the fundamental roots of the field going back thousands of years, showing a logical connectionbetween thinking of the past and ideas today. We next discuss our present day work and modest contributionsto the thinking about the brain and its natural malleability owing to the events of pregnancy and care of young. Finally,we will talk about what the future of the field may hold as more advancement in technology and apparatus lead us tonew discoveries and insights into our inner universe. Together, we hope to demonstrate that basic ideas and theorizing,first proposed in the vivid imaginations of science giants still hold sway today, influencing thinking and research at thethreshold of the 21st century. A good idea remains a good idea, resistant to time and tide, and available to inspire and guidethinking and theorizing long after its source has disappeared.

Law Librarianship and Legal Information Provision in the 21st Century

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-10 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Legal Education ◽  
Legal Profession ◽  
Information Provision ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Legal Information ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn this analysis of the future of our profession, Barbara Tearle starts by looking at the past to see how much the world of legal information has evolved and changed. She considers the nature of the profession today and then identifies key factors which she believes will be of importance in the future, including the impact of globalisation; the potential changes to the legal profession; technology; developments in legal education; increasing commercialisation and changes to the law itself.

scholarly journals The Gliocentric Brain

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 3033 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mechanisms Of Memory ◽  
Higher Brain Functions ◽  
Abnormal Brain

The Neuron Doctrine, the cornerstone of research on normal and abnormal brain functions for over a century, has failed to discern the basis of complex cognitive functions. The location and mechanisms of memory storage and recall, consciousness, and learning, remain enigmatic. The purpose of this article is to critically review the Neuron Doctrine in light of empirical data over the past three decades. Similarly, the central role of the synapse and associated neural networks, as well as ancillary hypotheses, such as gamma synchrony and cortical minicolumns, are critically examined. It is concluded that each is fundamentally flawed and that, over the past three decades, the study of non-neuronal cells, particularly astrocytes, has shown that virtually all functions ascribed to neurons are largely the result of direct or indirect actions of glia continuously interacting with neurons and neural networks. Recognition of non-neural cells in higher brain functions is extremely important. The strict adherence of purely neurocentric ideas, deeply ingrained in the great majority of neuroscientists, remains a detriment to understanding normal and abnormal brain functions. By broadening brain information processing beyond neurons, progress in understanding higher level brain functions, as well as neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, will progress beyond the impasse that has been evident for decades.

On the Limits of Time in the Brain

KronoScope ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-239
Author(s):  
Rémy Lestienne
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Inner Sense ◽  
The Past ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
The Future ◽  
Flow Of Time ◽  
Nested Hierarchy ◽  
Future Outcomes ◽  
The Brain

Abstract J.T. Fraser used to emphasize the uniqueness of the human brain in its capacity for apprehending the various dimensions of “nootemporality” (Fraser 1982 and 1987). Indeed, our brain allows us to sense the flow of time, to measure delays, to remember past events or to predict future outcomes. In these achievements, the human brain reveals itself far superior to its animal counterpart. Women and men are the only beings, I believe, who are able to think about what they will do the next day. This is because such a thought implies three intellectual abilities that are proper to mankind: the capacity to take their own thoughts as objects of their thinking, the ability of mental time travels—to the past thanks to their episodic memory or to the future—and the possibility to project very far into the future, as a consequence of their enlarged and complexified forebrain. But there are severe limits to our timing abilities of which we are often unaware. Our sensibility to the passing time, like other of our intellectual abilities, is often competing with other brain functions, because they use at least in part the same neural networks. This is particularly the case regarding attention. The deeper the level of attention required, the looser is our perception of the flow of time. When we pay attention to something, when we fix our attention, then our inner sense of the flux of time freezes. This limitation should not sound too unfamiliar to the reader of J.T. Fraser who wrote in his book Time, Conflict, and Human Values (1999) about “time as a nested hierarchy of unresolvable conflicts.”

scholarly journals Archiving Metaxourgio

2021 ◽  
pp. 167-184
Author(s):  
Thomais Kordonouri
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
The Way

‘Archive’ is a totality of records, layers and memories that are collected. A city is the archive that consists of the conscious selection of these layers and traces of the past and the present, looking towards the future. Metaxourgio is an area in the wider historic urban area of Keramikos in Athens that includes traces of various eras, beginning in the Antiquity and continuing all the way into the 21st century. Its archaeological space ‘Demosion Sema’ is mostly concealed under the ground level, waiting to be revealed. In this proposal, Metaxourgio is redesigned in light of archiving. Significant traces of the Antiquity, other ruins and buildings are studied, selected and incorporated in the new interventions. The area becomes the ‘open archive’ that leads towards its lost identity. The proposal aims not only to intensify the relationship of architecture with archaeology, but also to imbue the area’s identity with meanings that refer to the past, present and future.

(No) future music?

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Pop Culture ◽  
Finish Line ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Many

One of the many memorable memes and thought slogans associated with the late theorist Mark Fisher is “the slow cancellation of the future.” What does this evocative and melancholy phrase signify? In this talk Fisher’s blogging comrade and Retromania author Simon Reynolds reexamines the belief that the 21st century so far has been a Zeit without a Geist: an atemporal time of replicas, reenactments, reissues, revivals, and other syndromes of cultural recycling that put the “past” into pastiche. Are there reasons to be cheerful about music and pop culture as the 2010s limp to the finish line, if not so sanguine about politics or the environment? If society is deadlocked or, worse, heading in reverse, can we even expect music to surge forward like it once did?

The Past as Prelude to the Future for Understanding 21st-Century Climate Effects on Rocky Mountain Trout

Fisheries ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 542-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Isaak ◽  
Clint C. Muhlfeld ◽  
Andrew S. Todd ◽  
Robert Al-chokhachy ◽  
James Roberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Climate Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future

scholarly journals Predictability changes what we remember in familiar temporal contexts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyojeong Kim ◽  
Margaret L. Schlichting ◽  
Alison R. Preston ◽  
Jarrod A. Lewis-Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Pattern Classification ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Fmri Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Abstract Level ◽  
Episodic Memories ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe human brain constantly anticipates the future based on memories of the past. Encountering a familiar situation reactivates memory of previous encounters which can trigger a prediction of what comes next to facilitate responsiveness. However, a prediction error can lead to pruning of the offending memory, a process that weakens its representation in the brain and leads to forgetting. Our goal in this study was to evaluate whether memories are spared from pruning in situations that allow for more abstract yet reliable predictions. We hypothesized that when the category, but not the identity, of a new stimulus can be anticipated, this will reduce pruning of existing memories and also reduce encoding of the specifics of new memories. Participants viewed a sequence of objects, some of which reappeared multiple times (“cues”), followed always by novel items. Half of the cues were followed by new items from different (unpredictable) categories, while others were followed by new items from a single (predictable) category. Pattern classification of fMRI data was used to identify category-specific predictions after each cue. Pruning was observed only in unpredictable contexts, while encoding of new items suffered more in predictable contexts. These findings demonstrate that how episodic memories are updated is influenced by the reliability of abstract-level predictions in familiar contexts.

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