scholarly journals The neurobiology of pathological gambling and drug addiction: an overview and new findings

2008 ◽  
Vol 363 (1507) ◽  
pp. 3181-3189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc N Potenza
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Behavioural Addiction ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Practical Implications

Gambling is a prevalent recreational behaviour. Approximately 5% of adults have been estimated to experience problems with gambling. The most severe form of gambling, pathological gambling (PG), is recognized as a mental health condition. Two alternate non-mutually exclusive conceptualizations of PG have considered it as an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder and a ‘behavioural’ addiction. The most appropriate conceptualization of PG has important theoretical and practical implications. Data suggest a closer relationship between PG and substance use disorders than exists between PG and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This paper will review data on the neurobiology of PG, consider its conceptualization as a behavioural addiction, discuss impulsivity as an underlying construct, and present new brain imaging findings investigating the neural correlates of craving states in PG as compared to those in cocaine dependence. Implications for prevention and treatment strategies will be discussed.

Bipolar disorder and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with higher rates of anxiety and impulse control disorders

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cilly Klüger Issler ◽  
Emel Serap Monkul ◽  
José Antonio de Mello Siqueira Amaral ◽  
Renata Sayuri Tamada ◽  
Roseli Gedanke Shavitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Impulse Control Disorders ◽  
Tic Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Residual Symptoms ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Episodes

Issler CK, Monkul ES, Amaral JAMS, Tamada RS, Shavitt RG, Miguel EC, Lafer B. Bipolar disorder and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with higher rates of anxiety and impulse control disorders.Objective:Although bipolar disorder (BD) with comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is highly prevalent, few controlled studies have assessed this comorbidity. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and expression of comorbid disorders in female BD patients with OCD.Method:We assessed clinically stable female outpatients with BD: 15 with comorbid OCD (BD+OCD group) and 15 without (BD/no-OCD group). All were submitted to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, with additional modules for the diagnosis of kleptomania, trichotillomania, pathological gambling, onychophagia and skin picking.Results:The BD+OCD patients presented more chronic episodes, residual symptoms and previous depressive episodes than the BD/no-OCD patients. Of the BD+OCD patients, 86% had a history of treatment-emergent mania, compared with only 40% of the BD/no-OCD patients. The following were more prevalent in the BD+OCD patients than the BD/no-OCD patients: any anxiety disorder other than OCD; impulse control disorders; eating disorders; and tic disorders.Conclusion:Female BD patients with OCD may represent a more severe form of disorder than those without OCD, having more depressive episodes and residual symptoms, and being at a higher risk for treatment-emergent mania, as well as presenting a greater anxiety and impulse control disorder burden.

P.0665 Reward processing differences between Obsessive-compulsive disorder and pathological gambling

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. S487-S488
Author(s):  
A. Juaneda-Segui ◽  
S. Bertolín ◽  
A. Del Pino-Gutiérrez ◽  
I. Martínez-Zalacaín ◽  
I. Baenas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Processing Differences

scholarly journals Blocking Tics in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Kaczyńska ◽  
Piotr Janik
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Clinical Correlates ◽  
Clinical Associations ◽  
Motor Acts

Introduction: Patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) may experience blocking tics (BTs) defined as recurrent, brief cessations of motor acts. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, age of onset, and clinical correlates of BTs in GTS patients.Materials and Methods: We performed a one-time registration study in a cohort of 195 consecutive GTS patients aged 5–66 years (mean age: 15.0 ± 9.2; 47 females, 24.1%). All patients were personally interviewed and examined.Results: At least one BT occurred at some point in the lifetime of 73 patients (37.4%) with a mean age of onset of 10.4 ± 5.9 years. BTs occurred an average of 4.8 ± 5.3 years after tic onset. The most common BT was cessation of walking (n = 59, 80.8%), followed by speech (n = 19, 26.0%), running (n = 18, 24.7%), and writing (n = 9, 12.3%). Most of the patients (n = 52, 71.2%) reported cessation of only one activity. Clinical associations of BTs included more severe tics, overall greater number of tics, and, to a lesser extent, higher age at evaluation and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder.Conclusions: BTs represent complex tics, early and common symptoms of GTS, and are associated with a more severe form of GTS.

Neurobiology and Treatment of OCD

2013 ◽  
pp. 646-661
Author(s):  
Susanne E. Ahmari ◽  
H. Blair Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Evidence Based Treatments ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic, disabling disorder with a lifetime prevalence of up to 2-3%, and is a leading cause of illness-related disability. OCD is characterized by recurrent intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses (obsessions) that cause anxiety or distress, and repetitive mental or behavioral acts (compulsions). Though the etiology of OCD is unclear, current evidence implicates both genetic and environmental factors in its development. Our understanding of the neurobiology underlying OCD is still evolving, with convergent evidence from clinical and preclinical studies highlighting the importance of abnormalities in cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuits. Evidence-based treatments for OCD include both pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. This chapter will review the etiology and neurobiology of OCD, and will provide an overview of treatment strategies.

Pathological Gambling: A Negative State Model and Its Implications for Behavioral Treatments

CNS Spectrums ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 58-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iver Hand
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Negative State ◽  
Normal Behavior ◽  
Future Events ◽  
Behavioral Treatments ◽  
Getting Lost

AbstractThis article describes a new approach to the understanding and treatment of pathological gambling (PG). In order to foster an understanding of the pathological variations of gambling, gambling as a “normal,” widespread behavior that spans cultures and centuries is briefly reviewed, as is the current socioeconomic impact of gambling on society. PG is interpreted as an excessive exaggeration of a normal behavior (a behavioral excess disorder, or BED), similar to exaggerations of cleaning, grooming, loving, working, or shopping.Particular developmental deficits in certain individuals and their resulting vulnerabilities make these persons prone to “getting lost” in excessive gambling activities. PG fulfills three important functions that serve to maintain these behaviors. Most frequently, it serves the intraindividual function of distraction from a cognitive, emotional, or physiologic negative state (NEST). A second, much less frequent intraindividual function is that of fast socioeconomic self-destruction in persons who develop presuicidal depression before they start gambling. In the worst disease course of this subtype, patients enter a dramatic “last game”; when they lose, “fate has decided” that they should kill themselves immediately thereafter. A third function fulfilled by PG is interactional, ie, in the “I can't be with or without you” type of relationship.These gambling-related vulnerabilities are discussed against the background of recent studies from: (1) cognitive psychological and animal experiments regarding the prediction of future events; (2) functional brain imaging studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder; and (3) gambling experiments (prediction of future events) in patients with specific lesions in the orbitofrontal cortex. This article outlines the basics of strategic-systemic behavior therapy for these conditions, and summarizes results of the first outcome and follow-up studies.

Neurobiology and Treatment of Compulsive Hoarding

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (S14) ◽  
pp. 29-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjaya Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Compulsive Hoarding ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
Heritable Phenotype ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorder

AbstractCompulsive hoarding is a common and often disabling neuropsychiatric disorder. This article reviews the phenomenology, etiology, neurobiology, and treatment of compulsive hoarding. Compulsive hoarding is part of a discrete clinical syndrome that includes difficulty discarding, urges to save, clutter, excessive acquisition, indecisiveness, perfectionism, procrastination, disorganization, and avoidance. Epidemiological and taxometric studies indicate that compulsive hoarding is a separate but related obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder that is frequently comorbid with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Compulsive hoarding is a genetically discrete, strongly heritable phenotype. Neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies indicate that compulsive hoarding is neurobiologically distinct from OCD and implicate dysfunction of the anterior cingulate cortex and other ventral and medial prefrontal cortical areas that mediate decision-making, attention, and emotional regulation. Effective treatments for compulsive hoarding include pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. More research will be required to determine the etiology and pathophysiology of compulsive hoarding, and to develop better treatments for this disorder.

Overview of the Treatment of OCD

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Blair Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Treatment Algorithm ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Exposure And Response Prevention ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Acceptance And Commitment ◽  
Prevention Therapy ◽  
Augmentation Strategies ◽  
Clinical Considerations

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a chronic and disabling disorder with a lifetime prevalence of 2% to 3%. This chapter briefly introduces the different treatment strategies for OCD and provides a treatment algorithm for use in clinical practice. It discusses aspects of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), including variants such as exposure and response prevention therapy (ERP), and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), as well as clinical considerations. It also covers pharmacotherapy for OCD, including serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and various augmentation strategies for them such as CBT and antipsychotics. There are sections addressing treatment of children and adolescents, and other treatments for OCD such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or surgery. Subsequent chapters review these different treatment strategies in more detail and are referred to throughout this chapter.

Effect of amphetamine on behavioral patterns of obsessive-compulsive and addictive gambling in a rat marble test

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr D. Shabanov ◽  
Andrei A. Lebedev ◽  
Natalia D. Yakushina ◽  
Anna G. Pshenichnaya ◽  
Eugenii R. Bychkov
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Anxiety Reduction ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Compulsive Behavior ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
The Brain

A rodent marble test can be qualified as the most informative test of evaluation of obsessive-compulsive disorder as a neurobiological component of pathological gambling. Several behavioral components of obsession (obsessive and anxious ideas) and compulsions (obsessive actions) directed to anxiety reduction are modeled in this test. The effect of psychostimulant amphetamine on the rat behavior was studied in a marble test, anxiety-phobic model (scale), open field (evaluation of motor and emotional activity) and resident-intruder test (Intraspecies behavior). Amphetamine 0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg increased a number of burying bolls and elevated anxiety level in dose dependent manner. This accompanied with reduction of explorative activity, elevation of motor activity and number of individual behavioral patterns. Therefore, dopaminergic system of the brain activated with amphetamine is involved in obsessive-compulsive behavior and pathological gambling.

Unfinished Processing in the Emotional Disorders: The Zeigarnik Effect

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian A. James ◽  
Katherine Kendell
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
General Anxiety Disorder ◽  
General Anxiety ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Potential Factor ◽  
Number Of Treatment

Intrusions and perseverations, although often associated with psychiatric disorders, have a functional role within the information processing system (Eberly, Harkness, & Engdhal, 1991). Research suggests that these phenomena act as conscious aide memoires (Kvavilashvili, 1987) informing the cognitive system that there are prospective tasks to be done (i.e. tasks started, or intentions made, but not finished). In the case of psychiatric problems, the intrusions and perseverations may reflect the presence of unresolved issues that require further processing. The current paper outlines this hypothesis and presents the Zeigarnik effect (Zeigarnik, 1927) as one potential factor amongst others helping to maintain the incidence of intrusions. The paper also describes the possible modus operandi of this effect in terms of post-traumatic stress, obsessive-compulsive disorder and general-anxiety disorder. A number of treatment strategies are discussed which may decrease the incidence of Zeigarnik intrusions.

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