scholarly journals Elevating crop disease resistance with cloned genes

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1639) ◽  
pp. 20130087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. G. Jones ◽  
Kamil Witek ◽  
Walter Verweij ◽  
Florian Jupe ◽  
David Cooke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Crop Disease ◽  
Made In

Essentially all plant species exhibit heritable genetic variation for resistance to a variety of plant diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, oomycetes or viruses. Disease losses in crop monocultures are already significant, and would be greater but for applications of disease-controlling agrichemicals. For sustainable intensification of crop production, we argue that disease control should as far as possible be achieved using genetics rather than using costly recurrent chemical sprays. The latter imply CO 2 emissions from diesel fuel and potential soil compaction from tractor journeys. Great progress has been made in the past 25 years in our understanding of the molecular basis of plant disease resistance mechanisms, and of how pathogens circumvent them. These insights can inform more sophisticated approaches to elevating disease resistance in crops that help us tip the evolutionary balance in favour of the crop and away from the pathogen. We illustrate this theme with an account of a genetically modified (GM) blight-resistant potato trial in Norwich, using the Rpi-vnt1.1 gene isolated from a wild relative of potato, Solanum venturii , and introduced by GM methods into the potato variety Desiree.

scholarly journals Advances in Wheat and Pathogen Genomics: Implications for Disease Control

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beat Keller ◽  
Thomas Wicker ◽  
Simon G. Krattinger
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Disease Resistance Breeding ◽  
Near Future ◽  
New Cultivars ◽  
Made In

The gene pool of wheat and its wild and domesticated relatives contains a plethora of resistance genes that can be exploited to make wheat more resilient to pathogens. Only a few of these genes have been isolated and studied at the molecular level. In recent years, we have seen a shift from classical breeding to genomics-assisted breeding, which makes use of the enormous advancements in DNA sequencing and high-throughput molecular marker technologies for wheat improvement. These genomic advancements have the potential to transform wheat breeding in the near future and to significantly increase the speed and precision at which new cultivars can be bred. This review highlights the genomic improvements that have been made in wheat and its pathogens over the past years and discusses their implications for disease-resistance breeding.

An Integrative Approach to the Assessment and Treatment of Inflammatory Conditions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Liponis ◽  
Bettina Martin
Keyword(s):  
Integrative Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Improved Outcomes ◽  
Targeted Treatments ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
The Many ◽  
Made In

The past two decades have seen great progress in recognizing the importance of inflammation in medicine. Increased focus on inflammation in both prevention and treatment has improved outcomes and quality of life in chronic diseases. Science has improved our understanding of inflammation’s many causes and effects on health, and many advances have been made in the availability of targeted therapeutic options for treating inflammation. This chapter gives an overview of recognizing the many causes of inflammation, its many targeted treatments strategies, and the questions that still surround it. It discusses several integrative approaches to reducing inflammation, including exercise, diet, and different strategies for managing sleep, mood, and stress, such as meditation and massage.

scholarly journals A Morphological and Histological Investigation of Imperfect Lungfish Fin Regeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivien Bothe ◽  
Igor Schneider ◽  
Nadia B. Fröbisch
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Limb Regeneration ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Fin Regeneration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Made In

Regeneration, the replacement of body parts in a living animal, has excited scientists for centuries and our knowledge of vertebrate appendage regeneration has increased significantly over the past decades. While the ability of amniotes to regenerate body parts is very limited, members of other vertebrate clades have been shown to have rather high regenerative capacities. Among tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates), only salamanders show unparalleled capacities of epimorphic tissue regeneration including replacement of organ and body parts in an apparently perfect fashion. The closest living relatives of Tetrapoda, the lungfish, show regenerative abilities that are comparable to those of salamanders and recent studies suggest that these high regenerative capacities may indeed be ancestral for bony fish (osteichthyans) including tetrapods. While great progress has been made in recent years in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms deployed during appendage regeneration, comparatively few studies have investigated gross morphological and histological features of regenerated fins and limbs. Likewise, rather little is known about how fin regeneration compares morphologically to salamander limb regeneration. In this study, we investigated the morphology and histology of regenerated fins in all three modern lungfish families. Data from histological serial sections, 3D reconstructions, and x-ray microtomography scans were analyzed to assess morphological features, quality and pathologies in lungfish fin regenerates. We found several anomalies resulting from imperfect regeneration in regenerated fins in all investigated lungfish species, including fusion of skeletal elements, additional or fewer elements, and distal branching. The similarity of patterns in regeneration abnormalities compared to salamander limb regeneration lends further support to the hypothesis that high regenerative capacities are plesiomorphic for sarcopterygians.

scholarly journals Recent advances in the tandem annulation of 1,3-enynes to functionalized pyridine and pyrrole derivatives

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 2462-2476
Author(s):  
Yi Liu ◽  
Puying Luo ◽  
Yang Fu ◽  
Tianxin Hao ◽  
Xuan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanisms ◽  
Structural Motifs ◽  
Pyrrole Derivatives ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Functionalized Pyridine ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Made In

Great progress has been made in the tandem annulation of enynes in the past few years. This review only presents the corresponding reactions of 1,3-enyne structural motifs to provide the functionalized pyridine and pyrrole derivatives. The functionalization reactions cover iodination, bromination, trifluoromethylation, azidation, carbonylation, arylation, alkylation, selenylation, sulfenylation, amidation, esterification, and hydroxylation. We also briefly introduce the applications of the products and the reaction mechanisms for the synthesis of corresponding N-heterocycles.

scholarly journals Khan Academy Videos in Chinese: A Case Study in OER Revision

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Rao ◽  
John Hilton III ◽  
Sarah Harper
Keyword(s):  
Open Educational Resources ◽  
Educational Resources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Open Courses ◽  
Khan Academy ◽  
Made In

<p class="3">Over the past decade, great progress has been made in improving the quality and availability of Open Educational Resources (OER). OER proponents often discuss the ability for users to revise and remix OER to make them more suitable for local contexts; however, much OER goes unmodified. This note from the field examines the efforts of NetEase Online Open Courses, a Chinese organization, to take more than two thousand Khan Academy videos and translate them into Chinese. We provide background on this initiative and also analyze site metrics to determine what type of use these derivative OER have received.</p>

Presidential Address

1913 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Archdeacon W. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Address ◽  
Young Men ◽  
British History ◽  
English History ◽  
Richard Iii ◽  
The Past ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Made In

During the past year the Society has sustained one loss that overshadows all others. It is not for me to attempt to appreciate the value of the substantial contributions to the published sources of English history to which Mr. James Gairdner devoted himself so assiduously; I can only attempt to express the feeling which many of us here must share on the loss of our friend. I well remember the intense interest with which I read his ‘Life of Richard III.’ when it was first published in 1878, and the pleasure which I felt many years after in coming into contact with a man whom I admired so much. His constant kindliness and readiness to interest himself in and encourage the work of young men are not things to be readily forgotten. The chronicling of the blanks left in the roll of our officials and members is the saddest part of a President's duty. In my first address I expressed our sense of loss sustained through the death of Dr. Charles Gross; at this distance of time we can see more clearly than was possible four years ago how fruitful his work was. This year great progress has been made in the attempt to carry on the Bibliography of British History which he began, and during the last few weeks I have been impressed anew with the freshness and thoroughness of his studies, as I have been trying to look into and amplify the argument of his essay on Scottish Municipal History.

Arabidopsis as a Model System for Studying Plant Disease Resistance Mechanisms

1991 ◽  
Vol 646 (1 Recombinant D) ◽  
pp. 228-230
Author(s):  
ROGER INNES ◽  
ANDREW BENT ◽  
MAUREEN WHALEN ◽  
BRIAN STASKAWICZ
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Model System

scholarly journals Involvement of nonhost resistance genes in disease resistance plausible for future crop improvement

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eram Sultan ◽  
Kalpana Dalei ◽  
Prashant Singh ◽  
Binod Bihari Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Nonhost Resistance ◽  
R Genes ◽  
Disease Resistant

A plant species is infected by handful of pathogenic organism despite the fact that it is constantly exposed to innumerable pathogens. The chemical anti-bio agents exploited against these pathogens were harmful to environment and human health as well. So the only alternative way is to grow disease resistant varieties of crops by introducing resistant (R) genes. However, new pathogenic races evolve constantly and are notorious for their ability to withstand race specific resistance mediated by R-genes . Plants deploy robust, broad-spectrum and durable resistance mechanisms called nonhost resistance (NHR) against most pathogenic organisms. Such disease resistance mechanisms are nonspecific and effective against all nonhost or non-adaptive pathogens. The NHR defence response includes production of phytoalexins and other antimicrobial compounds, hypersensitive response by rapid localized cell death, deposition of callose and expression of pathogenesis related genes at the site of infection that restricts further growth of pathogen. Although NHR has immense potential to improve crop production in agriculture, very little is known about the mechanism of NHR and its genetic pathways at molecular level. Detail knowledge about the NHR genes from a nonhost plant and engineering the NHR gene into the host plant will be helpful in making broad-spectrum and durable disease resistant crops. In this mini review, we report the list of NHR genes and their function against various phytopathogens. We further report a method to identify or map putative NHR gene/s in Arabidopsis against soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae nonhost with a goal to improve disease resistance in crop species.

scholarly journals Plant and Fungal Genome Editing to Enhance Plant Disease Resistance Using the CRISPR/Cas9 System

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narayan Chandra Paul ◽  
Sung-Won Park ◽  
Haifeng Liu ◽  
Sungyu Choi ◽  
Jihyeon Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Fungal Genome ◽  
Plant Disease Management

Crop production has been substantially reduced by devastating fungal and oomycete pathogens, and these pathogens continue to threaten global food security. Although chemical and cultural controls have been used for crop protection, these involve continuous costs and time and fungicide resistance among plant pathogens has been increasingly reported. The most efficient way to protect crops from plant pathogens is cultivation of disease-resistant cultivars. However, traditional breeding approaches are laborious and time intensive. Recently, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been utilized to enhance disease resistance among different crops such as rice, cacao, wheat, tomato, and grape. This system allows for precise genome editing of various organisms via RNA-guided DNA endonuclease activity. Beyond genome editing in crops, editing the genomes of fungal and oomycete pathogens can also provide new strategies for plant disease management. This review focuses on the recent studies of plant disease resistance against fungal and oomycete pathogens using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. For long-term plant disease management, the targeting of multiple plant disease resistance mechanisms with CRISPR/Cas9 and insights gained by probing fungal and oomycete genomes with this system will be powerful approaches.

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