scholarly journals The future of human cerebral cartography: a novel approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1668) ◽  
pp. 20140171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Frackowiak ◽  
Henry Markram
Keyword(s):  
Scale Model ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Different Levels

Cerebral cartography can be understood in a limited, static, neuroanatomical sense. Temporal information from electrical recordings contributes information on regional interactions adding a functional dimension. Selective tagging and imaging of molecules adds biochemical contributions. Cartographic detail can also be correlated with normal or abnormal psychological or behavioural data. Modern cerebral cartography is assimilating all these elements. Cartographers continue to collect ever more precise data in the hope that general principles of organization will emerge. However, even detailed cartographic data cannot generate knowledge without a multi-scale framework making it possible to relate individual observations and discoveries. We propose that, in the next quarter century, advances in cartography will result in progressively more accurate drafts of a data-led, multi-scale model of human brain structure and function. These blueprints will result from analysis of large volumes of neuroscientific and clinical data, by a process of reconstruction, modelling and simulation. This strategy will capitalize on remarkable recent developments in informatics and computer science and on the existence of much existing, addressable data and prior, though fragmented, knowledge. The models will instantiate principles that govern how the brain is organized at different levels and how different spatio-temporal scales relate to each other in an organ-centred context.

Mesencephalic GABA neuronal development: no more on the other side of oblivion

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 371-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suyan Li ◽  
Sampada Joshee ◽  
Anju Vasudevan
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Developmental Regulation ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Gaba Neurons ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

AbstractMidbrain GABA neurons, endowed with multiple morphological, physiological and molecular characteristics as well as projection patterns are key players interacting with diverse regions of the brain and capable of modulating several aspects of behavior. The diversity of these GABA neuronal populations based on their location and function in the dorsal, medial or ventral midbrain has challenged efforts to rapidly uncover their developmental regulation. Here we review recent developments that are beginning to illuminate transcriptional control of GABA neurons in the embryonic midbrain (mesencephalon) and discuss its implications for understanding and treatment of neurological and psychiatric illnesses.

scholarly journals Culture Wires the Brain

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise C. Park ◽  
Chih-Mao Huang
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structure ◽  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Neural Structure ◽  
Cultural Experiences ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

There is clear evidence that sustained experiences may affect both brain structure and function. Thus, it is quite reasonable to posit that sustained exposure to a set of cultural experiences and behavioral practices will affect neural structure and function. The burgeoning field of cultural psychology has often demonstrated the subtle differences in the way individuals process information—differences that appear to be a product of cultural experiences. We review evidence that the collectivistic and individualistic biases of East Asian and Western cultures, respectively, affect neural structure and function. We conclude that there is limited evidence that cultural experiences affect brain structure and considerably more evidence that neural function is affected by culture, particularly activations in ventral visual cortex—areas associated with perceptual processing.

Genealogy of the Cerebral Subject

Being Brains ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Vidal ◽  
Francisco Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Cerebral Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Function ◽  
Cerebral Self ◽  
The Brain

The first chapter proposes to trace the distant roots of the cerebral subject to the late seventeenth century, and particularly to debates about the seat of the soul, the corpuscularian theory of matter, and John Locke’s philosophy of personal identity. In the wake of Locke, eighteenth century authors began to assert that the brain is the only part of the body we need to be ourselves. In the nineteenth century, this form of deterministic essentialism contributed to motivate research into brain structure and function, and in turn confirmed the brain-personhood nexus. Since then, from phrenology to functional neuroimaging, neuroscientific knowledge and representations have constituted a powerful support for prescriptive outlooks on the individual and society. “Neuroascesis,” as we call the business that sells programs of cerebral self-discipline, is a case in point, which this chapter also examines. It appeals to the brain and neuroscience as bases for its self-help recipes to enhance memory and reasoning, fight depression, anxiety and compulsions, improve sexual performance, achieve happiness, and even establish a direct contact with God. Yet underneath the neuro surface lie beliefs and even concrete instructions that can be traced to nineteenth-century hygiene manuals.

Basic mechanisms and treatment planning/targets for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

2020 ◽  
pp. 309-317
Author(s):  
Barbara Franke ◽  
Jan K. Buitelaar
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Genetic Level ◽  
And Function ◽  
Different Levels

The mechanisms underlying ADHD are complex and can be defined at different levels. Cognitive deficits are often part of the disorder, including problems in executive functioning, reward processing, and timing deficits. Alterations have also been reported in brain structure and function in people with the disorder. ADHD is known to be a highly heritable, multifactorial disorder, in which genetic factors—often in combination with environmental factors—are risk factors for disease onset. Early research at the genetic level has implicated monoaminergic neurotransmission, following the serendipitous finding that methylphenidate, a dopamine and noradrenaline transport inhibitor, treats ADHD symptoms. The current models to explain brain malfunctioning in ADHD indeed centre around these monoamine systems. In addition to dopamine, noradrenaline, and (to a lesser extent) serotonin, also glutamate, histamine, and the nicotinic acetylcholinergic system seem to be involved in ADHD aetiology. In the coming years, genetic research is expected to uncover more of the mechanisms underlying ADHD, hopefully resulting in improved treatment options.

scholarly journals Capillary-associated microglia regulate vascular structure and function through PANX1-P2RY12 coupling in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanchan Bisht ◽  
Kenneth A. Okojie ◽  
Kaushik Sharma ◽  
Dennis H. Lentferink ◽  
Yu-Yo Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myeloid Cell ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Pannexin 1 ◽  
Vascular Physiology ◽  
Blood Flow Increase ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

AbstractMicroglia are brain-resident immune cells with a repertoire of functions in the brain. However, the extent of their interactions with the vasculature and potential regulation of vascular physiology has been insufficiently explored. Here, we document interactions between ramified CX3CR1 + myeloid cell somata and brain capillaries. We confirm that these cells are bona fide microglia by molecular, morphological and ultrastructural approaches. Then, we give a detailed spatio-temporal characterization of these capillary-associated microglia (CAMs) comparing them with parenchymal microglia (PCMs) in their morphological activities including during microglial depletion and repopulation. Molecularly, we identify P2RY12 receptors as a regulator of CAM interactions under the control of released purines from pannexin 1 (PANX1) channels. Furthermore, microglial elimination triggered capillary dilation, blood flow increase, and impaired vasodilation that were recapitulated in P2RY12−/− and PANX1−/− mice suggesting purines released through PANX1 channels play important roles in activating microglial P2RY12 receptors to regulate neurovascular structure and function.

Brain structure and function related to headache: Brainstem structure and function in headache

Cephalalgia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (13) ◽  
pp. 1635-1660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Vila-Pueyo ◽  
Jan Hoffmann ◽  
Marcela Romero-Reyes ◽  
Simon Akerman
Keyword(s):  
Primary Headache ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Affective Processing ◽  
Primary Headaches ◽  
Headache Disorders ◽  
Primary Headache Disorders ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Objective To review and discuss the literature relevant to the role of brainstem structure and function in headache. Background Primary headache disorders, such as migraine and cluster headache, are considered disorders of the brain. As well as head-related pain, these headache disorders are also associated with other neurological symptoms, such as those related to sensory, homeostatic, autonomic, cognitive and affective processing that can all occur before, during or even after headache has ceased. Many imaging studies demonstrate activation in brainstem areas that appear specifically associated with headache disorders, especially migraine, which may be related to the mechanisms of many of these symptoms. This is further supported by preclinical studies, which demonstrate that modulation of specific brainstem nuclei alters sensory processing relevant to these symptoms, including headache, cranial autonomic responses and homeostatic mechanisms. Review focus This review will specifically focus on the role of brainstem structures relevant to primary headaches, including medullary, pontine, and midbrain, and describe their functional role and how they relate to mechanisms of primary headaches, especially migraine.

Neuroimaging: Clinical Applications

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 689-690
Author(s):  
Jarl Risberg
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Measurement Technology ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
And Function ◽  
Further Development ◽  
The Brain

Imaging of the structure and function of the human brain has grown to an area with increasing impact on neuropsychological research as well as on the routine clinical evaluation of brain damaged patients. The scientific and popular literature is now flooded by increasingly more spectacular pictures of the brain. The images no longer only illustrate what is well known from earlier research but they do also sometimes provide information of importance for the further development of neuropsychological theories. The two volumes edited by Erin D. Bigler, Neuroimaging I and II, offer a possibility for neuropsychologists and other interested readers to get acquainted with the more recent developments in measurement technology and applications in basic science (Volume I) as well as in the clinic (Volume II). The authors of the 24 chapters are generally outstanding researchers, with impressive expertise within their fields of specialization.

scholarly journals Relative Function: Nuclear Brain Imaging in United States Courts

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Rushing ◽  
Daniel D. Langleben
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Functional Imaging ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Neuropsychological Testing ◽  
Photon Emission ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Emission Computed Tomography ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Neuropsychological testing—medical imaging of the brain structure and function—allows the expert to inform the court on the brain structure and function of the forensic examinee. Supported by extensive clinical use, neuropsychological testing and structural imaging in the form of computerized tomography and structural magnetic resonance imaging have achieved general acceptance in court. However, functional imaging such as functional MRI and nuclear medicine techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET), have faced more admissibility challenges. While functional imaging is becoming an increasingly important tool in assessing neuropsychiatric illness, we surmise that evidentiary challenges are largely related to the phase of trial in which the nuclear study is offered as evidence. This article will review the basic science of functional nuclear imaging including PET and single photon emission computed tomography. We will then review cases where admissibility of these techniques has been challenged and consider whether and how nuclear brain imaging can influence the outcome of the trial.

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