scholarly journals Integrating Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity: introduction

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1715) ◽  
pp. 20160413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Fox ◽  
Michael Stryker
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Homeostatic Plasticity ◽  
Sensory Adaptation ◽  
Original State ◽  
Critical Questions ◽  
Theory Of Plasticity ◽  
Hebbian Plasticity ◽  
The Brain

Hebbian plasticity is widely considered to be the mechanism by which information can be coded and retained in neurons in the brain. Homeostatic plasticity moves the neuron back towards its original state following a perturbation, including perturbations produced by Hebbian plasticity. How then does homeostatic plasticity avoid erasing the Hebbian coded information? To understand how plasticity works in the brain, and therefore to understand learning, memory, sensory adaptation, development and recovery from injury, requires development of a theory of plasticity that integrates both forms of plasticity into a whole. In April 2016, a group of computational and experimental neuroscientists met in London at a discussion meeting hosted by the Royal Society to identify the critical questions in the field and to frame the research agenda for the next steps. Here, we provide a brief introduction to the papers arising from the meeting and highlight some of the themes to have emerged from the discussions. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Integrating Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity’.

scholarly journals Integrating Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity: the current state of the field and future research directions

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1715) ◽  
pp. 20160158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara Keck ◽  
Taro Toyoizumi ◽  
Lu Chen ◽  
Brent Doiron ◽  
Daniel E. Feldman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Homeostatic Plasticity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Current State ◽  
Subsequent Discussion ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Brain ◽  
State Of The Field

We summarize here the results presented and subsequent discussion from the meeting on Integrating Hebbian and Homeostatic Plasticity at the Royal Society in April 2016. We first outline the major themes and results presented at the meeting. We next provide a synopsis of the outstanding questions that emerged from the discussion at the end of the meeting and finally suggest potential directions of research that we believe are most promising to develop an understanding of how these two forms of plasticity interact to facilitate functional changes in the brain. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Integrating Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity’.

scholarly journals The temporal paradox of Hebbian learning and homeostatic plasticity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedemann Zenke ◽  
Wulfram Gerstner ◽  
Surya Ganguli
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Hebbian Learning ◽  
Homeostatic Plasticity ◽  
Hebbian Plasticity ◽  
Slow Evolution ◽  
The Brain

AbstractHebbian plasticity, a synaptic mechanism which detects and amplifies co-activity between neurons, is considered a key ingredient underlying learning and memory in the brain. However, Hebbian plasticity alone is unstable, leading to runaway neuronal activity, and therefore requires stabilization by additional compensatory processes. Traditionally, a diversity of homeostatic plasticity phenomena found in neural circuits are thought to play this role. However, recent modelling work suggests that the slow evolution of homeostatic plasticity, as observed in experiments, is insufficient to prevent instabilities originating from Hebbian plasticity. To remedy this situation, we suggest that homeostatic plasticity is complemented by additional rapid compensatory processes, which rapidly stabilize neuronal activity on short timescales.

scholarly journals V. A letter on a canal in the medulla spinalis of some quadrupeds

1809 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 146-147
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Human Subject ◽  
Cauda Equina ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Stream ◽  
Spinal Marrow ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Contrary Direction

Sir, According to your request, I send you an account of the facts I have ascertained, respecting a canal I discovered in the year 1803, in the medulla spinalis of the horse, bullock, sheep, hog, and dog; and should it appear to you deserving of being laid before the Royal Society, I shall feel myself particularly obliged, by having so great an honour conferred upon me. Upon tracing the sixth ventricle of the brain, which corresponds to the fourth in the human subject, to its apparent termination, the calamus scriptorius, I perceived the appearance of a canal, continuing by a direct course into the centre of the spinal marrow. To ascertain with accuracy whether such structure existed throughout its whole length, I made sections of the spinal marrow at different distances from the brain, and found that each divided portion exhibited an orifice with a diameter sufficient to admit a large sized pin; from which a small quantity of transparent colourless fluid issued, like that contained in the ventricles of the brain. The canal is lined by a membrane resembling the tunica arachnoidea, and is situated above the fissure of the medulla, being separated by a medullary layer: it is most easily distinguished where the large nerves are given off in the bend of the neck and sacrum, imperceptibly terminating in the cauda equina. Having satisfactorily ascertained its existence through the whole length of the spinal marrow, my next object was to discover whether it was a continued tube from one extremity to the other: this was most decidedly proved, by dividing the spinal marrow through the middle, and pouring mercury into the orifice where the canal was cut across, it passed in a small stream, with equal facility towards the brain (into which it entered), or in a contrary direction to where the spinal marrow terminates.

Lantern Demonstration of Gross Lesions of the Cerebrum

1901 ◽  
Vol 47 (199) ◽  
pp. 729-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Shaw Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Dura Mater ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Pyramidal Layer ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Morbid Conditions

This demonstration was a further report on the subject laid before the Association at the meeting at Claybury in February last, viz., the morbid changes occurring in the brain and other intra-cranial contents in amentia and dementia. In a paper read before the Royal Society in the spring of 1900, and subsequently published in the Philosophical Transactions, it was stated, as the result of a systematic micrometric examination of the visuo-sensory (primary visual) and visuo-psychic (lower associational) regions of the cerebral cortex, that the depth of the pyramidal layer of nerve-cells varies with the amentia or dementia existing in the patient. At the meeting of the Association referred to it was further shown, from an analysis, clinical and pathological, of 121 cases of insanity which appeared consecutively in the post-mortem room at Claybury, that the morbid conditions inside the skull-cap in insanity, viz., abnormalities in the dura mater, the pia arachnoid, the ependyma and intra-cranial fluid, etc., are the accompaniments of and vary in degree with dementia alone, and are independent of the duration of the mental disease. Since that date the pre-frontal (higher associational) region has been systematically examined in nineteen cases, viz., normal persons and normal aments (infants), and cases of amentia, of chronic and recurrent insanity without appreciable dementia, and of dementia, and the results obtained form the subject of the present demonstration. A paper on the whole subject will shortly be published in the Archives of the Claybury Laboratory.

scholarly journals Homeostatic plasticity mechanisms in mouse V1

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1715) ◽  
pp. 20160504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megumi Kaneko ◽  
Michael P. Stryker
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Homeostatic Plasticity ◽  
Ocular Dominance Plasticity ◽  
The Brain

Mechanisms thought of as homeostatic must exist to maintain neuronal activity in the brain within the dynamic range in which neurons can signal. Several distinct mechanisms have been demonstrated experimentally. Three mechanisms that act to restore levels of activity in the primary visual cortex of mice after occlusion and restoration of vision in one eye, which give rise to the phenomenon of ocular dominance plasticity, are discussed. The existence of different mechanisms raises the issue of how these mechanisms operate together to converge on the same set points of activity. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Integrating Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity’.

scholarly journals Rethinking International TV Flows Research in the Age of Netflix

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon Lobato
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
Video On Demand ◽  
Global Media ◽  
Critical Questions ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Content Diversity ◽  
Streaming Services ◽  
Media Flows

This article considers how established methodologies for researching television distribution can be adapted for subscription video-on-demand (SVOD) services. Specifically, I identify a number of critical questions—some old, some new—that can be investigated by looking closely at SVOD catalogs in different countries. Using Netflix as an example, and drawing parallels with earlier studies of broadcast and cinema schedules, I ask what Netflix’s international catalogs can tell us about content diversity within streaming services, and how this can be connected to longer traditions of debate about the direction and intensity of global media flows. Finally, I describe what a research agenda around Netflix catalogs might look like, and assess the utility of various kinds of data within such a project (as well as some methodological pitfalls).

The brain is not an isolated “black box,” nor is its goal to become one

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Froese ◽  
Takashi Ikegami
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Science Of Mind ◽  
The Brain

AbstractIn important ways, Clark's “hierarchical prediction machine” (HPM) approach parallels the research agenda we have been pursuing. Nevertheless, we remain unconvinced that the HPM offers the best clue yet to the shape of a unified science of mind and action. The apparent convergence of research interests is offset by a profound divergence of theoretical starting points and ideal goals.

scholarly journals A comparative study of the brains in pleuronectidae

1937 ◽  
Vol 122 (828) ◽  
pp. 308-343 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
The Family ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

Part I. The Medulla Oblongata, And Its Variations Acoording To Diet And Feeding Habits In previous communications to this Society the relationship of the habits of feeding and diet to the form and pattern of the medulla oblongata has been described in the cyprinoids, clupeids, and gadoids (Evans, 1931, 1932, 1935). This research takes up a similar study of the brain of the Pleuronectidae. The expense has been borne by a grant from the Royal Society for which the author tenders his grateful thanks. It has seemed to be desirable to extend the observations to the fore- and mid-brain, as in some members of the family these present a very marked development. In order to elucidate some of the problems that arise I have also studied the brain of the eel, and some interesting conclusions have resulted. We find, as a result of examination by the naked eye and of serial sections, that we can divide the following species into four groups as follows: I. The sole, Solea vulgaris .

scholarly journals XIV. Notes of researches on the intimate structure of the brain.—Second Series

1862 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 359-366
Keyword(s):  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Posterior Median ◽  
The Brain

In consequence of the frequent interruptions to which I am ne­cessarily exposed in the course of my anatomical investigations, I beg to communicate to the Royal Society, in the form of notes, some of the results at which I have arrived, with a promise to forward, in a few months, a complete memoir on the same subject, with the necessary illustrations. In my memoir of the “ Medulla Oblongata,” it is shown that the post-pyramidal ganglion, or grey substance of the posterior pyramid, is developed from the posterior grey substance on each side of the posterior median fissure.

scholarly journals I. On intra-cranial pressure. Preliminary note

1894 ◽  
Vol 55 (331-335) ◽  
pp. 52-57 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Cranial Cavity ◽  
Preliminary Note ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Intra Cranial Pressure

My purpose in the following note is to submit to the Royal Society the results of experiments, made during the past year, relating to the “intra-cranial pressure” ( i. e ., the pressure to which the brain is normally exposed in the cranial cavity), and the changes which can be produced in it by alterations of the form and diminution of the capacity of the cranial cavity. . The experiments were undertaken at the suggestion of Professor Burdon Sanderson, and have been carried out with his help and criticism.

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