XVII. On the mutual action of sulphuric acid and alcohol, with observations on the composition and properties of the resulting compound

1826 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 240-249 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Glass Tube ◽  
The Other ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Mutual Action

The following experiments were originally undertaken with the view of ascertaining the nature of that singular product of the distillation of sulphuric acid and alcohol, which has long been known in the pharmaceutical laboratory under the name of oil of wine, and which has generally been regarded by chemists as a modification of sulphuric ether. The results however of my enquiries have led me to very different conclusions, and induce me to regard it as a hitherto undescribed compound of sulphuric acid and carbon and hydrogen; the latter elements existing in the same proportions as in olefiant gas, and exerting a peculiar saturating power in respect to the acid. I have also ascertained that hydrocarbon, with an additional proportion of sulphuric acid, affords a compound which is capable of uniting with salifiable bases, and of forming a distinct series of products. of oil of wine. As I originally considered the elements of oil of wine to be the same as those of ether, I endeavoured to ascertain their relative proportions by passing its vapour over red hot oxide of copper in a glass tube, in the apparatus contrived for such decompositions by Dr. Prout and Mr. Cooper, Trans. Soc. Arts XLI. p. 56. In these experiments I always obtained, along with the other products, a considerable proportion of sulphurous acid, and afterwards upon washing the contents of the tube with water upon a filter, it was of a bluish tint, and held sulphate of copper in solution ; a result which I could not readily account for, as every precaution had been taken to free the oil of wine which I used from all adhering sulphurous and sulphuric acid.

III.—On the Reduction of Ferric Iron (1) by Sulphurous Acid and (2) by Zinc Dust

1913 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Alexander Charles Cumming ◽  
E. W. Hamilton Smith
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Carbonate Rocks ◽  
Ferric Iron ◽  
Zinc Dust ◽  
The Other ◽  
Additional Contribution ◽  
Large Excess ◽  
Other Hand

So many papers have appeared on this subject that some apology seems desirable before making an additional contribution. The amount of published work on reduction with sulphurous acid is in itself an indication that many workers have found difficulties. It has been shown that the reduction does not take place in presence of large excess of hydrochloric or sulphuric acid, but the reduction will still occur while the reaction of the solution is strongly acid. On the other hand, Hillebrand (“Analysis of Silicate and Carbonate Rocks,” U.S. Bulletin, 442, p. 113) states if the solution after addition of sulphite is red in colour, it is too alkaline and acid must be added.

Ill. On a new electrical storage battery. (Supplementary note.)

1882 ◽  
Vol 33 (216-219) ◽  
pp. 257-258
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Glass Tube ◽  
The State ◽  
Positive Electrode ◽  
Storage Battery ◽  
Supplementary Note ◽  
Interior Surface ◽  
Lead Plate ◽  
Cupric Sulphate

The new cell consists of a flat copper case, of the same shape as a Grove’s cell; it has a lid of paraffined wood, from which hangs a plate of lead amalgamated with mercury, the lower part of the lead plate being held in a groove in a slip of paraffined wood resting on the bottom of the copper case: through the lid a hole is bored for the introduction of the solution, which consists of a solution of cupric sulphate, to which is added one-twelfth of hydric sulphate; the presence of this free sulphuric acid improves the cell at once. The following sectional sketch shows the arrangement:- AB. The outer flat copper case. C. Plate of amalgamated lead held in grooves in the cap D and the slip E. F shows the hole in the cap through which the solution is introduced, and by the introduction of a glass tube through this hole the state of the charge is seen by observing the colour; the interior surface of the case forms the negative, and the amalgamated lead the positive electrode.

scholarly journals Wolbachia -induced meiotic drive and feminization is associated with an independent occurrence of selective mitochondrial sweep in a butterfly

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 20170153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mai Miyata ◽  
Tatsuro Konagaya ◽  
Kenji Yukuhiro ◽  
Masashi Nomura ◽  
Daisuke Kageyama
Keyword(s):  
Selective Sweep ◽  
Cytoplasmic Incompatibility ◽  
Meiotic Drive ◽  
Sequence Polymorphism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Eurema Hecabe ◽  
Hybrid Introgression

Maternally inherited Wolbachia endosymbionts manipulate arthropod reproduction in various ways. In the butterfly Eurema mandarina , a cytoplasmic incompatibility-inducing Wolbachia strain w CI and the associated mtDNA haplotypes are known to originate from the sister species Eurema hecabe , which offered a good case study for microbe-mediated hybrid introgression. Besides w CI, some females with the Z0 karyotype harbour a distinct Wolbachia strain w Fem, which causes all-female production by meiotic drive and feminization. We report that a considerable proportion of E. mandarina females (65.7%) were infected with both w CI and w Fem (CF) on Tanegashima Island. While females singly infected with w CI (C) produced offspring at a 1 : 1 sex ratio, CF females produced only females. Although Z-linked sequence polymorphism showed no signs of divergence between C and CF females, mtDNA split into two discrete clades; one consisted of C females and the other CF females, both of which formed a clade with E. hecabe but not with uninfected E. mandarina . This suggests that CF matrilines also, but independently, experienced a selective sweep after hybrid introgression from E. hecabe . Distinct evolutionary forces were suggested to have caused C and CF matrilines to diverge, which would be irreversible because of the particular phenotype of w Fem.

e-Democracy and Community Networks

2011 ◽  
pp. 249-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Gross
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Virtual Communities ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Community Networks ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Electronic Democracy ◽  
The One

Political systems and technology are interdependent and influence each other. On the one hand, political systems and political leaders aim at influencing technological development and benefiting from technological progress; on the other, technological development has a considerable proportion of its own dynamics and potential to influence society and political systems. This chapter particularly focuses on electronic democracy and virtual communities and accordingly discusses recent ideas and plans of political leaders, derives requirements for technology, presents systems and prototypes, and reports cases demonstrating how and what technology is really used.

scholarly journals XI. On the mutual action of sulphuric acid and naphthaline, and on a new acid produced

1826 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 140-162 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Carbonaceous Matter ◽  
Gas Products ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
Oil Gas ◽  
Mutual Action

In a Paper on new compounds of carbon and hydrogen , lately honoured by the Royal Society with a place in the Philosophical Transactions, I had occasion briefly to notice, the peculiar action exerted on certain of those compounds by sulphuric acid. During my attempts to ascertain more minutely the general nature of this action, I was led to suspect the occasional combination of the hydro-carbonaceous matter with the acid, and even its entrance into the constitution of the salts, which the acid afterwards formed with bases. Although this opinion proved incorrect, relative to the peculiar hydro-carbons forming the subject of that Paper, yet it led to experiments upon analogous bodies, and amongst others, upon naphthaline, which terminated in the production of the new acid body and salts now to be described. Some of the results obtained by the use of the oil gas products are very peculiar. If, when completed, I find them sufficiently interesting, I shall think it my duty to place them before the Royal Society, as explicatory of that action of sulphuric acid which was briefly noticed in my last Paper.

Haustral septations increase axial and radial distribution of luminal contents in glass models of the colon

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (5) ◽  
pp. G706-G709 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. P. Brown ◽  
J. E. Schrier ◽  
K. S. Berbaum ◽  
S. S. Shirazi ◽  
K. Schulze-Delrieu
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Radial Distribution ◽  
Liquid Flow ◽  
Test Particle ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
Pressure Pulse ◽  
Glass Tube ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central Core ◽  
Increase Efficiency

We used two glass models of the colon to test the hypothesis that luminal septations increase efficiency of flow. Each was a straight glass tube 4 cm in diameter and filled with water. One had four septations narrowing the lumen to 2 cm; the other had no septations. For each run, liquid dye and one solid test particle were placed at one end of the model. A single pressure pulse was applied to the dye and particle. The distance each traveled was compared using analysis of variance. The nonseptated model had poor mixing of dye, and the particle moved only short distances. In the septated model, there was thorough mixing of dye and the particle moved rapidly along what appeared as a central core of high-velocity liquid flow from one septal opening to another. Compared with the nonseptated model, this produced statistically significant increases in the distances traveled by means of 32 (dye) and 90% (particle). Our studies suggest that septations in a tubular organ facilitate intraluminal mixing and flow of liquids and solids.

Prorocentrum Minimum (Dinophyceae) in the Adriatic and Black Sea

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 473-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivona Marasović ◽  
Tereza Pucher-Petković ◽  
Vyara Petrova-Karadjova
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Other ◽  
Prorocentrum Minimum ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Adriatic Coast ◽  
Summer Bloom

During the summer months of 1983 Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller, not earlier recorded from the Adriatic, constituted a considerable proportion of the regular summer bloom in the Sibenik Bay (eastern Adriatic coast). During the subsequent years (1984,1985,1986) the proportions of P. minimum in summer blooms in the Ŝibenik Bay was constantly increasing (Marasović, 1986; Marasović, in press). At the same time its presence was reported from the other parts of the Adriatic coast, attributed to the intensified eutrophication of the Adriatic waters (Pucher-Petković & Marasović, 1987; Marasović et al., 1988; Pucher-Petković et al., 1988; Marasović, 1989).

scholarly journals Relationship of Paratyphoid Fever to Food Poisoning Outbreaks

1925 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Savage ◽  
P. Bruce White
Keyword(s):  
Food Poisoning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Clinical Type ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever ◽  
Relationship Of

Owing, in our opinion, to faulty classification and terminology of bacterial types, it is very common, especially on the Continent and, to a lesser extent, in U.S.A., to ascribe outbreaks of food poisoning to B. paratyphosus B, the common cause of paratyphoid fever. If such a conception is true, it is obvious that B. paratyphosus B can at one time cause paratyhpoid fever, at another an outbreak of food poisoning. Further, one would expect in outbreaks of either condition that some cases would be of the one clinical type while others would exhibit the other. In particular in outbreaks of paratyphoid fever in which the vehicle of infection was some form of food, it is to be anticipated, on this view, that a considerable proportion of the cases would be of acute food poisoning type.

XVI. On the influence of physical and chemical agents upon blood; with special reference to the mutual action of the blood and the respiratory gases

1865 ◽  
Vol 155 ◽  
pp. 687-724
Keyword(s):  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Glass Tube ◽  
Constant Heat ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Fine Capillary ◽  
Respiratory Gases ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Mutual Action ◽  
Made In ◽  
Apparently Healthy

In order to prevent repetition, as well as to facilitate the understanding of the researches about to be described, it is deemed advisable at once to give a brief explanation of the manner in which the experiments were conducted. In the first place, it may be men­tioned that all the gas-analyses herein detailed were made in strict accordance with the justly celebrated method of Professor Bunsen, so ably explained in his work on Gasometry. In the second place, the blood employed in the experiments was always obtained from apparently healthy animals, and with the few exceptions, presently to be alluded to, operated upon while still perfectly fresh. In the third place, the apparatus used in the majority of the experiments consisted of a graduated glass receiver of the shape represented in the accompanying figure (A), the neck of which was drawn out to a fine capillary tube, upon the end of which was placed a piece of caoutchouc tubing. After a certain quantity of blood (usually 62 cubic centimetres) or other fluid was introduced at the mouth ( b ), the latter was firmly closed with a tightly fitting cork, and the remaining opening ( f ) secured by a ligature, so that all communication between the external atmosphere and the gas confined with the blood was effectually interrupted. When the experiment was completed, the gas was obtained from the receiver by plunging the lower end of the vessel into mercury, and carefully removing the cork, while it was still retained in that position, so that neither the contained gas could find an exit, nor the external air obtain admittance. A tube (B) partly filled with mercury was now carefully adjusted to the mouth of the receiver by a well-fitting cork ( d ); the receiver was next removed from the mercury trough, and a fine capillary glass tube (C) inserted into the free end of its piece of caoutchouc tubing; the end of this tube was dipped under the surface of mercury and the ligature at f removed. The mercury in B immediately descended and forced the atmospheric air out of the tube C, which in its turn became filled with gas from the receiver. The end of the tube C was then brought under an inverted eudiometer filled with mercury, and more of that liquid poured into B until sufficient gas was obtained from the receiver for analysis. In the fourth place, the temperature of the human body was imitated by employing an artificial digesting apparatus which could be readily kept at a constant heat of 38° C.

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