XXIII. On the error in standards of linear measure, arising from the thickness of the bar on which they are traced

1830 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 359-381
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Linear Dimension ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Linear Measure ◽  
Weights And Measures ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Source Of Error

In the course of the adjustment and verification of the copies of the Imperial standard yard, destined for the Exchequer, Guildhall, Dublin, and Edinburgh, I discovered a source of error till then, I believe, wholly unsuspected, arising from the thickness of the bar upon the surface of which measures of linear dimension are traced. The difficulties which I experienced, and the remedy which suggested itself upon that occasion, and which was found efficient, are shortly detailed in the account of the construction and adjustment of the new standards of weights and measures of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1826. But as the notice there given occupies little more than a single page, and might therefore pass unremarked, I cannot but think that a fact of such importance in inquiries where linear measures are concerned, and which may be sufficient to account for the discrepancies to be found in the experiments of different observers, ought to be placed before the Royal Society in a more pro­minent point of view than that which it at present occupies. I shall, therefore, first extract from the paper alluded to the part to which I refer, and then add an account of such experiments as I have since made on the subject; and describe a scale which I have caused to be constructed so as almost entirely to obviate the source of error of which I am treating.

An account of the construction and adjustment of the new standards of weights and measures of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 254-258
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Weights And Measures ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mean Time

The author, after stating that the weights and measures of the United Kingdom are founded on a standard whose length is determined by its proportion to that of a pendulum vibrating mean time in London, which has been ascertained by him to be 39·13929 inches of Sir George Shuckburgh’s scale, considers it necessary, on account of the importance of the result, to consider what degree of confidence it is entitled to. For this purpose it is necessary to compare this final result with those obtained in other experiments and by different methods. Now it appears that previous to the experiments detailed in the author’s paper on the subject in the Philosophical Transactions for 1818, on which this result rests, another series is there mentioned, made with the same instruments, but under circumstances which occasioned their rejection, and which, owing to some repairs in the instruments between the two series, which occasioned a material alteration in the distance between the knife edges, have all the weight of experiments made with a different pendulum; the result of these rejected experiments, however, differed only two ten-thousandths of an inch from that ultimately adopted. The author next compares the length of the seconds pendulum at Unst and at Leith Fort, as ascertained by him by an invariable pendulum, whose vibrations had previously been determined in London, and whose length was thus known in terms of the London Seconds Pendulum, and as ascertained by M. Biot at the same stations, by means of a variety of pendulums, and by a totally different method of observation,—that of Borda. The results of this comparison are a difference between the determinations of M. Biot and the author, of 0·00029 inch in excess at the former station, and 0·00015 in defect at the latter.

III. On the figure, dimensions, and mean specific gravity of the Earth, as derived from the ordnance trigonometrical survey of Great Britain and Ireland

1857 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government

The Trigonometrical Survey of the United Kingdom commenced in the year 1784, under the immediate auspices of the Royal Society; the first base was traced by General Roy on the 16th of April of that year, on Hounslow Heath, in presence of Sir Joseph Banks, then President of the Society, and some of its most distinguished Fellows. The principal object which the Government had then in view, was the connexion of the Observatories of Paris and Greenwich by means of a triangulation, for the purpose of determining the difference of longitude between the two observatories.

Income Tax as Affecting Life Assurance Offices

1946 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-78
Author(s):  
A. H. Shrewsbury
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sickness Insurance ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Insurance Business ◽  
National Defence

‘If there be one point free from obscurity in the Act of 1842 it is this, that the Legislature intended all traders, whether in groceries, annuities or other articles of commerce, to be assessed upon the same footing.’ Lord Watson in The Gresham Life Assurance Society υ. Styles.The main object is to discuss principles and therefore many points of detail will be omitted, however intrinsically interesting they may be. Satisfactory consideration of principles entails reference to all classes of business which involve an actuarial valuation (viz. life assurance and annuity business, sinking fund business and permanent sickness insurance business). Reference will be made to the National Defence Contribution and the Excess Profits Tax, which are based upon income-tax legislation. The subject in mind is the relation of such taxation to insurance business and funds of the classes mentioned, as distinct from other aspects of income tax which an insurance office encounters, and it will be considered solely from the point of view of an office established in the United Kingdom which transacts business only in the United Kingdom. In view of the paper by Messrs S. J. Rowland and F. H. Wales on ‘The Taxation of the Annuity Fund’ (March 1937, J.I.A. Vol. LXVIII), only brief reference will be made to annuity business, and it will be assumed that it is unnecessary, in describing taxation processes, to include explanations or qualifying phrases on account of annuity business.

SOCIAL RIGHTS OF THE POLES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AFTER BREXIT

2020 ◽  
Vol 556 (7) ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
Paweł Kaleta
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Social

Withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union (Brexit) has definitely been bringing various consequences in the field of social security. It is therefore worthwhile to analyse it from the point of view of the social rights of Poles residing in the United Kingdom (as well as, in a comparative and auxiliary manner, of the British residing in Poland), following the formal conclusion of the withdrawal. The article therefore synthetically presents this current, post-Brexit situation, taking into account the ongoing transition period as well as the perspective of negotiations on the possible agreement(s) on future EU-UK relations. Notably, the rights in question have been preserved in the transition period, but their status afterwards remains open.

The National Institute of Oceanography

Polar Record ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 6 (41) ◽  
pp. 88-90
Author(s):  
G. E. R. Deacon
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Marine Biology ◽  
National Committee ◽  
British Government ◽  
Marine Biological ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Set Up

In 1944 Vice-Admiral Sir John Edgell, K.B.E., C.B., F.R.S., then Hydrographer of the Navy, advised the British Government that in its contribution to research in oceanography this country had fallen seriously behind other countries, including many which had no comparable traditions of interest in the oceans and their navigation, and that an oceanographical institute should be set up in Great Britain. The subject was referred to the Royal Society, and the Oceanographical Sub-Committee of the National Committee for Geodesy and Geophysics showed itself, in a report which was accepted by the Society, to be strongly in favour of setting up a national oceanographical institute. It urged the primary need for researches of physical character because marine physical investigations had taken a secondary place to marine biology ever since the Challenger Expedition of 1872–76, and because the biological aspects were well looked after by existing authorities such as the Marine Biological Associations of the United Kingdom and Scotland, the Fisheries Laboratories at Lowestoft and Aberdeen, the Discovery Investigations, and marine biological laboratories associated with universities.

scholarly journals VII. An account of the comparison of various British standards of linear measure

1821 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 75-94 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Linear Measure ◽  
First Report ◽  
Weights And Measures ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Being There

The Commissioners appointed to consider the subject of Weights and Measures, recommended in their First Report “for the legal determination of the standard yard, that “which was employed by General Roy in the measurement “of a Base on Hounslow Heath, as a foundation for the Tri- “gonometrical operations that have been carried on by the “Ordnance throughout the country." In consequence of this determination, it became necessary to examine the standard to which the Report alludes, with the intention of subsequently deriving from it a scale of feet and inches. On referring to the Philosophical Transactions for 1785, it may be seen in “an Account of the Measurement of a Base “on Hounslow Heath," that a brass scale, the property of General Roy (and now in the possession of Henry Browne, Esq. F. R. S.), was taken to the apartments of the Royal Society, and being there, with the assistance of Mr. Ramsden, compared with their standard (both having remained together two days previous to the comparison), the extent of 3 feet taken from the Society's standard, and applied to General Roy’s scale, was found to reach exactly to 36 inches, at the temperature of 65°.

scholarly journals I. An account of the construction and adjustment of the new standards of weights and measures of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

1826 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 1-52 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Weights And Measures ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Standard Scale ◽  
Degree Of Confidence ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Mean Time

The weights and measures of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland are founded upon a standard, the length of which is determined by the proportion it bears to that of the pendulum vibrating seconds of mean time in London. The length of this pendulum I have stated to be 39,13929 inches of Sir George Shuckburgh Evelyn's standard scale; and the experiments from which this conclusion is deduced, are detailed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1818. The important consequences, however, which attach to this result, render it necessary to examine with what degree of confidence it may be received. In the Paper to which I have alluded, it is mentioned that a series of experiments had been made previous to those detailed; the result of which was rejected, in consequence of its being discovered, after their completion, that the steel plates, on which the pendulum had rested during the experiments, had suffered penetration by the knife edges. The length of the seconds pendulum however, deduced from these first experiments, did not differ more than two ten thousandths of an inch from the final determination.

Consultative Council of Western Powers

1950 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 510-512
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Total Expenditure ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Accurate Indication ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Effort

Eighth SessionThe eighth session of the Consultative Council of Western Powers was held in Brussels on April 16 and 17, 1950. The main business of the meeting was to discuss how the costs of the joint defense projects could be shared. Up to this time each government had paid the costs of its own contingents at the disposal of the organization and all expenditure incurred within its own territory. From the French point of view this had tended to make the common effort relatively more expensive for France than for the other countries while from the United Kingdom point of view, simply fixing the percentages that each country should, bear of the total expenditure would not necessarily be fair, as an airfield built under the treaty plans could in peace time be an advantage to the country in which it was located. This point of view was, in turn, not particularly favored by the Belgians who felt that Belgium had contributed to the common defense proportionally as much as the other powers. The relative amount in each country's budget devoted to the common pool was not an accurate indication as each budget had been drawn up in an entirely different manner, making comparisons difficult. The only thing which counted was the final result: the number of men trained and equipped as well as the material which each country could put on the line; in this regard the Belgians felt they were certainly not lagging behind. It was finally agreed at the meeting that projects of common interest should be paid for in common. The procedure for such payment was to be the subject of proposals submitted to the governments.

scholarly journals XXIX. On the figure, dimensions, and mean specific gravity of the earth, as derived from the Ordnance trigonometrical survey of Great Britain and Ireland

1856 ◽  
Vol 146 ◽  
pp. 607-626 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government

The Trigonometrical Survey of the United Kingdom commenced in the year 1784, under the immediate auspices of the Royal Society; the first base was traced by General Roy, of the Royal Engineers, on the 16th of April of that year, on Hounslow Heath, in presence of Sir Joseph Banks, the then President of the Society, and some of its most distinguished Fellows. The principal object which the Government had then in view, was the connexion of the Observatories of Paris and Greenwich by means of a triangulation, for the purpose of determining the difference of longitude between the two observatories.

British Council as an Instrument of Public Diplomacy of Great Britain

2017 ◽  
pp. 305-312
Author(s):  
Mykola Trofymenko
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
Cultural Diplomacy ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
British Council ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

Public diplomacy of Great Britain is one of the most developed in the EU and in the world. The United Kingdom has developed an extremely efficient public diplomacy mechanism which includes BBC World Service (which due to its popularity boosts the reputation and the image of Great Britain), Chevening Scholarships (provides outstanding foreign students with opportunity to study in Great Britain and thus establishes long-lasting relations with public opinion leaders and foreign countries elite) and the British Council, which deals with international diplomatic ties in the field of culture. The British Council is a unique organization. Being technically independent, it actively and efficiently works on consolidating Great Britain’s interests in the world and contributes to the development of public diplomacy in Great Britain.   The author studies the efforts of the British Council as a unique public diplomacy tool of the United Kingdom. Special attention is paid to the role of British Council, which is independent of the governing board and at the same time finds itself under the influence of the latter due to the peculiarities of the appointment of Board’s officials, financing etc. The author concludes that the British Council is a unique organization established in 1934, which is a non-departmental state body, charitable organization and public corporation, technically independent of the government. The British Council, thanks to its commercial activities covers the lack of public funding caused by the policy of economy conducted by the government. It has good practices in this field worth paying attention by other countries. It is also worth mentioning that the increment in profit was getting higher last year, however the issue of increasing the influence of the government on the activities of British Council is still disputable. Although the Foreign Minister officially reports to the parliament on the activities of the British Council, approves the appointment of the leaders of organizations, the British Council preserves its independence of the government, which makes it more popular abroad, and makes positive influence on the world image of Great Britain. The efficiency of the British Council efforts on fulfillment of targets of the United Kingdom public diplomacy is unquestionable, no matter how it calls its activities: whether it is a cultural relations establishment or a cultural diplomacy implementation. Keywords: The British Council, public diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, cultural relations, Foreign Office, Her Majesty’s Government, official assistance for development

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