XII. The Bakerian Lecture.—On a method of meteorological registration of the chemical action of total daylight

1865 ◽  
Vol 155 ◽  
pp. 605-631 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Short Length ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Arbitrary Degree ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Standard Paper ◽  
Calm Weather ◽  
The Times ◽  
Made In

In the last memoir on Photochemical Measurements, presented to the Royal Society, Professor Bunsen and I described a method for determining, by simple observations, the varying amount of chemical action effected by the direct and diffuse sunlight on photographic paper, founded upon a law discovered by us, viz. that equal products of the intensity of the light into the times of insolation correspond within very wide limits to equal shades of tints produced on chloride-of-silver paper of uniform sensitiveness—so that light of the intensity 50, acting for the time 1, produces the same blackening effect as light of the intensity 1 acting for the time 50. For the purpose of exposing this paper to light for a known but very short length of time, a pendulum photometer was constructed; and by means of this instrument a strip of paper is so exposed that the different times of insolation for all points along the length of the strip can be calculated to within small fractions of a second, when the duration and amplitude of vibration of the pendulum are known. The strip of sensitive paper insolated during the oscillation of the pendulum exhibits throughout its length a regularly diminishing shade from dark to white; and by reference to a Table, the time needed to produce any one of these shades can be ascertained. The unit of photo-chemical intensity is assumed to be that of the light which produces upon the standard paper in the unit of time (one second) a given but arbitrary degree of shade termed the normal tint. The reciprocals of the times during which the points on the strip have to be exposed in order to attain the normal tint, give the intensities of the acting light expressed in terms of the above unit. According to this method the chemical action of the total daylight ( i. e . the direct sunlight and the reflected light from the whole heavens) has been determined, by means of observations made at frequent intervals throughout the day, and curves representing the variation of daily chemical intensity at Manchester have been drawn. The labour of obtaining a regular series of such daily measurements of the chemical action of daylight according to this method is, however, very considerable; the apparatus required is bulky, the observations can only be made in calm weather, and the quantity of sensitive paper needed for a day’s observations is large.

scholarly journals IV. On a method of meteorological registration of the chemical action of total daylight

1864 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 555-559
Keyword(s):  
Short Length ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Small Space ◽  
Arbitrary Degree ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
Simple Mode ◽  
Accurate Comparison ◽  
Considerable Length ◽  
The Times ◽  
Sodium Solution

The aim of the present communication is to describe a simple mode of measuring the chemical action of total daylight, adapted to the purpose of regular meteorological registration. This method is founded upon that described by Prof. Bunsen and the author in their last Memoir on Photochemical Measurements, depending upon the law that equal products of the intensity of the acting light into the times of insolation correspond within very wide limits to equal shades of tints produced upon chloride-of-silver paper of uniform sensitiveness—light of the intensity 50, acting for the time 1, thus producing the same blackening effect as light of the intensity 1 acting for the time 50. For the purpose of exposing this paper to light for a known but very short length of time, a pendulum photometer was constructed; and by means of this instrument a strip of paper is so exposed that the different times of insolation for all points along the length of the strip can be calculated to within small fractions of a second, when the duration and amplitude of vibration of the pendulum are known. The strip of sensitive paper insolated daring the oscillation of the pendulum exhibits throughout its length a regularly diminishing shade from dark to white; and by reference to a Table, the time needed to produce any one of these shades can be ascertained. The unit of photo-chemical action is assumed to be that intensity of light which produces in the unit of time (one second) a given but arbitrary degree of shade termed the standard tint. The reciprocals of the times during which the points on the strip have to be exposed in order to attain the standard tint, give the intensities of the acting light expressed in terms of the above unit. By means of this method a regular series of daily observations can be kept up without difficulty; the whole apparatus needed can be packed up into small space; the observations can be carried on without regard to wind or weather; and no less than forty-five separate determinations can be made upon 36 square centimetres of sensitive paper. Strips of the standard chloride-of-silver paper tinted in the pendulum photometer remain as the basis of the new mode of measurement. Two strips of this paper are exposed as usual in the pendulum photometer: one of these strips is fixed in hyposulphite-of-sodium solution, washed, dried, and pasted upon a board, furnished with a millimetre-scale. This fixed strip is now graduated in terms of the unfixed pendulum strip by reading off, by the light of a soda-flame, the position of those points on each strip which possess equal degrees of tint, the position of the standard tint upon the unfixed strip being ascertained for the purpose of the graduation. Upon this comparison with the unfixed pendulum strip depends the subsequent use of the fixed strip. A detailed description of the methods of preparing and graduating the strips, and of the apparatus for exposure and reading, is next given. The following conditions must be fulfilled in order that the method may be adopted as a trustworthy mode of measuring the chemical action of light:— 1st. The tint of the standard strips fixed in hyposulphite must remain perfectly unalterable during a considerable length of time. 2nd. The tints upon these fixed strips must shade regularly into each other, so as to render possible an accurate comparison with, and graduation in terms of, the unfixed pendulum strips. 3rd. Simultaneous measurements made with different strips thus graduated must show close agreement amongst themselves, and they must give the same results as determinations made by means of the pendulum photometer, according to the method described in the last memoir.

Hourly observations on the barometer, with experimental investigations into the phenomena of its periodical oscillation

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 136-137
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Daily Variation ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Great Length ◽  
Linear Representations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
The Times ◽  
Straight Lines ◽  
Made In

Mr. Lubbock having found, from his examination of the meteorological observations made daily at the Royal Society, that they afforded no satisfactory result as to the daily variation o f the barometer in consequence of the too great length of the intervals between the times of observation, the author undertook the task of making a series of hourly observations for a period sufficiently extensive to furnish preliminary data for explaining the anomalies of the barometrical oscillations. The present paper contains these hourly observations, amounting to about 3000 in number, and made in the months of April, May, June, and July, 1831, and in those of January and February of 1832. The standard barometer of the Society has been observed for about 16 or 18 hours during the day, through a period of 75 days; and also at every hour, through the whole twenty-four hours, for 30 days: the water barometer every hour, day and night, for 15 days; and the mountain barometer also every hour, day and night, for the same period. The relative levels of the surfaces of the fluids in the cisterns of each of these barometers, were accurately determined by Mr. Bevan. The most striking results afforded by these observations are exhibited by means of linear representations in four drawings which accompany the paper. The respective variations from each general mean, being referred, according to a given scale, to the mean line, and their points of distance from it, at each successive hour, being connected together by straight lines, the barometrical and thermometrical changes being each referred to the same scale, exhibits the striking connexion that exists between them. The comparison of the simultaneous movements of the three barometers shows the general accordance of their mean variations; and the precession in time, by about an hour, of the mean motions of the water barometer over those of the standard barometer; and also the precession, by the same interval, of the mean changes of this latter instrument over those of the mountain barometer. The author concludes by announcing many objects he has in view in the investigations in which he is at present engaged.

scholarly journals Experiments to determine the difference the number of vibrations made by an invariable pendulum in the royal observatory at Greenwich, and in the house in London in which Captain Kater’s experiments were made

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 360-360
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Royal Observatory ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Times ◽  
Theory And Experiment ◽  
Made In

The experiments of which an account is given in this paper, were made in compliance with a request of the Council of the Royal Society, made in December 1827, that Captain Sabine would ascertain the difference in the number of vibrations of a pendulum at Mr. Browne’s house, and at the Greenwich Observatory. The author gives a description of the instruments used in the observations; the first series of which were made in Mr. Browne’s house, from the 17th to the 20th of March inclusive, and gave as the mean result, 85963·60 vibrations in a mean solar day. A reduction is here introduced, derived from some experiments made on the difference which takes place in the times of vibration in vacuo and in air; the number of vibrations in the former case being, under the same circumstances as in the observations, 9·97 per diem less than in the latter. A corresponding series made at Greenwich in May, gave as the mean 85964·17 vibrations, thus indicating an acceleration of 0·57 vibrations per diem , but the difference of latitude and of height between the two stations would have led us from theory to expect a total retardation of 0·38 vibration in the same time. From a second set of observations at Greenwich, the diurnal acceleration appeared to be 0·52 vibration. Taking the mean of this and the former result, it appears that the total amount of the discordance between theory and experiment is 0·91 vibration per diem . The stations are conveniently situated for verifying the existence of this anomaly, and its magnitude is such as to preclude all uncertainty as to its existence. With regard to its cause, the author is confirmed in the opinions he formerly entertained on this subject. Tables are subjoined, containing accounts of the rate of the clocks used at both stations, and of the particulars of each series of observations.

scholarly journals VII. Photo-chemical researches.—Part V. On the direct measurement of the chemical action of sunlight

1863 ◽  
Vol 153 ◽  
pp. 139-160 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Direct Measurement ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
Horizontal Portion ◽  
Methods Of Measurement

The photo-chemical action exerted by direct sunlight and by diffuse daylight upon a horizontal portion of the earth’s surface, varies with the time of year and with the latitude of the place, and constitutes an important link in the chain of physical relations which connects the organic with the inorganic world. In former communications made to the Royal Society we have endeavoured experimentally to determine the distribution of these chemical actions on the earth’s surface, as varying with the time of day and year, and with the geographical position of the place, when the sky is perfectly unclouded. The methods of measurement there adopted are, unfortunately, not applicable to the determination of the variations in photo-chemical intensity when, as is most frequently the case, the transparency of the atmosphere is more or less obscured by clouds, mist, or rain. To enable us to estimate the alterations which occur in the amount of the chemically active rays falling on the earth’s surface, we must, therefore, have recourse to a mode of measurement totally different from that employed in our former investigations.

Cuckoo chicks evicting their nest mates: coincidental observations by Edward Jenner in England and Antoine Joseph Lottinger in France

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer G. Sealy ◽  
Mélanie F. Guigueno
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Cuculus Canorus ◽  
Common Cuckoo ◽  
Cuckoo Chick ◽  
The Common ◽  
Made In ◽  
Royal Society Of London

For centuries, naturalists were aware that soon after hatching the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) chick became the sole occupant of the fosterer's nest. Most naturalists thought the adult cuckoo returned to the nest and removed or ate the fosterer's eggs and young, or the cuckoo chick crowded its nest mates out of the nest. Edward Jenner published the first description of cuckoo chicks evicting eggs and young over the side of the nest. Jenner's observations, made in England in 1786 and 1787, were published by the Royal Society of London in 1788. Four years before Jenner's observations, in 1782, Antoine Joseph Lottinger recorded eviction behaviour in France and published his observations in Histoire du coucou d'Europe, in 1795. The importance of Lottinger's and Jenner's observations is considered together.

PERSEPSI MASYARAKAT DESA SAYANG RW 03 KECAMATAN JATINANGOR KABUPATEN SUMEDANG TERHADAP PENTINGNYA PROTEKSI KENDARAAN BERMOTOR

Dharmakarya ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Lienda Noviyanti
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Individual Knowledge ◽  
The Times ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Motorized Vehicles ◽  
Perception Survey ◽  
Made In ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

As the times and technology became more sophisticated, human needs and mobility also increased. One such technology is vehicle. It cannot be denied that motorized vehicles and cars have now become the most important parts of everyday life. Vehicle protection is very important to keep vehicles safe, especially in areas prone to theft. Protection of the vehicle itself is divided into two ways, namely by personal and insurance methods. The fact is that vehicle protection carried out by Desa Sayang residents is still very minimal, which is caused by a lack of knowledge and understanding of citizens about the importance of vehicle protection. Seen from only a few residents who have insurance services to protect their vehicles. Measuring the perceptions of residents of RW 03 Desa Sayang, Jatinangor Subdistrict, Sumedang Regency is divided into 2 things, namely knowledge (cognition) and behavior (konasi). Of the 97 informants interviewed, it was found that people's knowledge of insurance was not good. While their knowledge of vehicle protection in general is quite good. In addition, vehicle ownership also affects individual knowledge of insurance and vehicle protection. Unfortunately, protection of vehicles in the form of insurance is rarely done by residents because most are hampered in terms of costs and feel they do not need it. Therefore, a perception survey and vehicle protection socialization were made in Sayang Village, Jatinangor Sub-District, Sumedang Regency so that residents would be more aware of maintaining their vehicles.

scholarly journals XIV. On the absorption of gases by solids

1881 ◽  
Vol 32 (212-215) ◽  
pp. 407-408
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Hydraulic Press ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Solid Matter ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
High Pressure And Temperature ◽  
Solid Iron ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Very High

During the progress of the investigations which I have from time to time had the honour of bringing under the notice of the Royal Society, I have again and again noticed the apparent disappearance of gases inclosed in vessels of various materials when the disappearance could not be accounted for upon the assumption of ordinary leakage. After a careful examination of the subject I found that the solids absorbed or dissolved the gases, giving rise to a striking example of the fixation of a gas in a solid without chemical action. In carrying out that most troublesome investigation, the crystalline separation of carbon from its compounds, the tubes used for experiment have been in nine cases out of ten found to be empty on opening them, and in most cases a careful testing by hydraulic press showed no leakage. The gases seemed to go through the solid iron, although it was 2 inches thick. A series of experiments with various linings were tried. The tube was electro-plated with copper, silver, and gold, but with no greater success. Siliceous linings were tried fusible enamels and glass—but still the' tubes refused to hold the contents. Out of thirty-four experiments made since my last results were published, only four contained any liquid or condensed gaseous matter after the furnacing. I became convinced that the solid matter at the very high pressure and temperature used must be pervious to gases.

scholarly journals On the observation of sun and stars made in some British stone circles

1908 ◽  
Vol 80 (538) ◽  
pp. 285-289 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Special Class ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Stone Monuments ◽  
Made In

In previous communications to the Royal Society, I have shown that if we consider the sun’s declination at the quarter-days of the May year and at the solstices, and also the changes due to precession in the places of five or six of the more conspicuous stars visible, at any epoch, in these latitudes we are able to account for the alignments investigated in the stone monuments in Cornwall and Devon. The present paper deals with a special class of circles in Aberdeenshire in which the method of indicating alignments shows a striking difference. The Cornish method was that still set out in the instructions for the erection of the Gorsedd circle of the Welsh Eisteddfod, the sighting, or directing, stones were placed some distance outside the circle. In Aberdeenshire the method employed was to place a long, recumbent stone generally between two of the upright stones of the circle itself and to obtain the direction of the rising sun or star by sighting across the circle at right angles to the length of the recumbent stone.

XXIII. On the water-barometer erected in the hall of the Royal Society

1832 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
pp. 539-574 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Physical Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Metallic Tube ◽  
French Academy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Made In

I have for some time entertained an opinion, in common with some others who have turned their attention tot he subject, that a good series of observations with a Water-Barometer, accurately constructed, might throw some light upon several important points of physical science: amongst others, upon the tides of the atmosphere; the horary oscillations of the counterpoising column; the ascending and descending rate of its greater oscillations; and the tension of vapour at different atmospheric temperatures. I have sought in vain in various scientific works, and in the Transactions of Philosophical Societies, for the record of any such observations, or for a description of an instrument calculated to afford the required information with anything approaching to precision. In the first volume of the History of the French Academy of Sciences, a cursory reference is made, in the following words, to some experiments of M. Mariotte upon the subject, of which no particulars appear to have been preserved. “Le même M. Mariotte fit aussi à l’observatoire des experiences sur le baromètre ordinaire à mercure comparé au baromètre à eau. Dans l’un le mercure s’eléva à 28 polices, et dans Fautre l’eau fut a 31 pieds Cequi donne le rapport du mercure à l’eau de 13½ à 1.” Histoire de I'Acadérmie, tom. i. p. 234. It also appears that Otto Guricke constructed a philosophical toy for the amusement of himself and friends, upon the principle of the water-barometer; but the column of water probably in this, as in all the other instances which I have met with, was raised by the imperfect rarefaction of the air in the tube above it, or by filling with water a metallic tube, of sufficient length, cemented to a glass one at its upper extremity, and fitted with a stop-cock at each end; so that when full the upper one might be closed and the lower opened, when the water would fall till it afforded an equipoise to the pressure of the atmo­sphere. The imperfections of such an instrument, it is quite clear, would render it totally unfit for the delicate investigations required in the present state of science; as, to render the observations of any value, it is absolutely necessary that the water should be thoroughly purged of air, by boiling, and its insinuation or reabsorption effectually guarded against. I was convinced that the only chance of securing these two necessary ends, was to form the whole length of tube of one piece of glass, and to boil the water in it, as is done with mercury in the common barometer. The practical difficulties which opposed themselves to such a construction long appeared to me insurmount­able; but I at length contrived a plan for the purpose, which, having been honoured with the approval of the late Meteorological Committee of this Society, was ordered to be carried into execution by the President and Council.

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