scholarly journals Studies on the Cell Walls of Pseudomonas Species Resistant to Ethylenediaminetetra-acetic Acid

1968 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. WILKINSON
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Pseudomonas Species

Ectodesmata as Revealed By Freeze-Etch Preparations of Plant Epidermal Cell Walls

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 468-469
Author(s):  
N.C. Lyon ◽  
W. C. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Thin Sections

Schumacher and Halbsguth first demonstrated ectodesmata as pores or channels in the epidermal cell walls in haustoria of Cuscuta odorata L. by light microscopy in tissues fixed in a sublimate fixative (30% ethyl alcohol, 30 ml:glacial acetic acid, 10 ml: 65% nitric acid, 1 ml: 40% formaldehyde, 5 ml: oxalic acid, 2 g: mecuric chloride to saturation 2-3 g). Other workers have published electron micrographs of structures transversing the outer epidermal cell in thin sections of plant leaves that have been interpreted as ectodesmata. Such structures are evident following treatment with Hg++ or Ag+ salts and are only rarely observed by electron microscopy. If ectodesmata exist without such treatment, and are not artefacts, they would afford natural pathways of entry for applied foliar solutions and plant viruses.

Application of a Resin Casting Method to Wood Anatomy of Some Japanese Fagaceae Species

IAWA Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoyuki Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Acetic Acid Solution ◽  
Casting Method ◽  
Japanese Species ◽  
Dry Wood ◽  
Scanning Electron

A resin casting method was applied to the wood anatomy of some Japanese species of Fagaceae. Dry wood blocks were embedded in polystyrene and then cell walls were completely removed by alternate and repeated treatments with hydrogen peroxide/acetic acid solution and sulphuric acid. Resin casts were observed in a scanning electron microscope.

scholarly journals Two Novel Techniques for Determination of Polysaccharide Cross-Links Show that Crh1p and Crh2p Attach Chitin to both β(1-6)- and β(1-3)Glucan in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cell Wall

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1626-1636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Cabib
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Yeast Cell ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Double Mutant ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cross Links

ABSTRACT Previous work, using solubilization of yeast cell walls by carboxymethylation, before or after digestion with β(1-3)- or β(1-6)glucanase, followed by size chromatography, showed that the transglycosylases Crh1p and Crh2p/Utr2p were redundantly required for the attachment of chitin to β(1-6)glucan. With this technique, crh1Δ crh2Δ mutants still appeared to contain a substantial percentage of chitin linked to β(1-3)glucan. Two novel procedures have now been developed for the analysis of polysaccharide cross-links in the cell wall. One is based on the affinity of curdlan, a β(1-3)glucan, for β(1-3)glucan chains in carboxymethylated cell walls. The other consists of in situ deacetylation of cell wall chitin, generating chitosan, which can be extracted with acetic acid, either directly (free chitosan) or after digestion with different glucanases (bound chitosan). Both methodologies indicated that all of the chitin in crh1Δ crh2Δ strains is free. Reexamination of the previously used procedure revealed that the β(1-3)glucanase preparation used (zymolyase) is contaminated with a small amount of endochitinase, which caused erroneous results with the double mutant. After removing the chitinase from the zymolyase, all three procedures gave coincident results. Therefore, Crh1p and Crh2p catalyze the transfer of chitin to both β(1-3)- and β(1-6)glucan, and the biosynthetic mechanism for all chitin cross-links in the cell wall has been established.

scholarly journals Localization of chitin in algal and fungal cell walls by light and electron microscopy.

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 782-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
N L Pearlmutter ◽  
C A Lembi
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fungal Cell ◽  
Blastocladiella Emersonii ◽  
Fungal Cell Walls

Chitin was visualized in cell walls after hydrolysis with potassium hydroxide and subsequent postfixation of the deacetylated polysaccharide (chitosan) in OsO4. Areas of chitin deposition appeared dark borwn by light microscopy and electron dense in the electron microscope. With this method, the presence of chitin was demonstrated in the cell walls of the green alga Pithophora oedogonia (Montagne) Wittrock and two fungi, Ceratocystis ulmi Buism. (C. Moreau) and Blastocladiella emersonii Cantino and Hyatt. Most of the chitin in P. oedogonia ws found in the crosswall disk and small amounts occurred in the outer longitudinal walls. The septal disk of C. ulmi also contained chitin, but significant amounts were present in the inner and outer regions of longitudinal walls as well. Chitin was present throughout the walls of B. emersonii. Small amounts of chitin were not easily demonstrated by this technique, but removal of chitosan by exposure to dilute acetic acid before osmium fixation disrupted cell wall integrity, suggesting that small amounts of the structural polysaccharide had been removed.

The ultrastructure of the major species of an enriched methanogenic culture utilizing acetic acid

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 826-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ross Colvin ◽  
L. C. Sowden ◽  
L. van den Berg
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
New Species ◽  
Variable Thickness ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Lead Ions ◽  
Outer Leaflet ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Thin Portion ◽  
A New Species

The ultrastructure of the cells of the major component of an enriched culture of a presumed methanogen which utilized acetic acid was studied by transmission and scanning election microscopy. The filaments were composed of Gram-positive, rod-shaped cells, 1–2 μm in length and about 0.5 μm in breadth, attached end to end. Septa between cells were complex, with a central, electron-dense sheet which had a spherical enlargement in the center separating the cell walls. The cells walls themselves were of variable thickness with a light, fluffy, thin portion on the outside and a denser, thicker portion within. They contain a series of rings stacked side by side which are composed of material that stains strongly and positively with phosphotungstate ion. The cytoplasmic membrane of these cells had an outer leaflet which stains more densely with uranium and lead ions than the inner leaflet. There were no recognizable organelles in the cytoplasm other than ribosomes. It is shown in these observations that the presumed methanogen may likely be a new species.

Mechanism of Acid Tolerance by a Yeast Isolated from Spoiled Ketchup

1988 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 489-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
KENT M. SORRELLS ◽  
BARBARA LEONARD
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Rna Synthesis ◽  
Acid Tolerance ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitors ◽  
Limited Extent ◽  
Acid Growth ◽  
Potato Dextrose Broth ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Dna And Rna Synthesis

A yeast, isolated from spoiled ketchup, grew at a relatively high (0.8%) concentration of acetic acid. The addition of specific metabolic inhibitors in sub-lethal concentrations to acidified Potato Dextrose broth was used to study the mechanism of resistance of the yeast to acid. Growth in non-acidified medium was not affected by most inhibitors and to a limited extent by DNA and RNA inhibitors. Growth in the acidified medium was affected only slightly by the presence of inhibitors of protein (mitochondrial), DNA and RNA synthesis. 2,4-Dinitrophenol and D-cycloserine were the only inhibitors that inhibited growth in acidified media, suggesting acid tolerance involves an energy requiring system as well as cell walls, possibly transport.

Structure of chitin in the cell walls of newly formed and mature conidia of Fusarium sulphureum

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 531-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Schneider ◽  
W. L. Seaman
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Molecular Hydrogen ◽  
Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
Conidiogenous Cell ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fusarium Sulphureum

Samples of 7-day-old septate conidia (mature conidia) and newly released aseptate ones (immature conidia) of Fusarium sulphureum were hydrolyzed successively in KOH, acetic acid – H2O2, and H2SO4. The cell wall residue of the mature conidia remained intact throughout the hydrolysis but that of immature conidia dissolved in the H2SO4. Thus, the immature conidial cell wall is substantially different from that of mature conidial cells or growing hyphae and the cell wall undergoes a structural transformation following conidium release from the conidiogenous cell. X-ray diffraction analyses of the wall residues following KOH and acetic acid – H2O2 hydrolysis showed that the mature conidial wall residue had a crystalline chitin component, while the residue of the immature conidial wall was more amorphous and had smaller crystals. An X-ray diffraction pattern of the dissolved immature conidial wall that was recovered from the H2SO4 hydrolysate showed that it contained crystalline chitin.Infrared spectroscopic analysis of the mature conidial cell wall residue showed absorption bands due to inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding and for hydrogen stretching associated with crystalline chitin. Such bands were lacking in the immature cell wall analogue.

scholarly journals The chemical composition of the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

1969 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Fensom ◽  
G. W. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Amino Sugar ◽  
Hydroxy Acids ◽  
Polysaccharide Fraction ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
Residual Material ◽  
Lipid Moiety

1. Lipopolysaccharide was isolated from both cell walls and acetone-dried whole cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (N.C.T.C. 1999). 2. Closely similar products are obtained, although that from whole cells cannot be completely freed from small amounts (2–7%) of residual nucleic acids. 3. The lipid moiety (23–33%) has a similar amino sugar backbone to that of lipids of enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides, but contains different hydroxy acids (2- and 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid and 3-hydroxydecanoic acid). 3-Hydroxytetradecanoic acid is absent, and 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid is the main N-acylating acid. No clear evidence permitting a distinction between the possibilities that phosphodiester or glycosidic linkages exist between the glucosamine residues was obtained. 4. Identifiable sugars (glucose, rhamnose, 3-deoxy-2-octulonic acid and heptose) account for less than 20% of the lipopolysaccharide, and alanine, galactosamine and fucosamine are apparently components of the polysaccharide moiety. 5. The polysaccharide moiety is unusual in that it is not readily obtained from the lipopolysaccharide by treatment with dilute acetic acid, which does, however, solubilize much of the phosphorus of the lipopolysaccharide. 6. The ‘polysaccharide’ fraction (approx. 21%) obtained by treatment with dilute acetic acid contains only a small proportion of the total polysaccharide components, and in one case only 45% of the fraction was accountable for in terms of identifiable components. 7. Evidence suggests that unidentified nitrogenous components are concentrated in the residual material after removal of both the lipid and the ‘polysaccharide’ fraction from the lipopolysaccharide.

scholarly journals Amino Sugars in the Cell Walls of Pseudomonas Species

1971 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. WILKINSON ◽  
K. A. CARBY
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Amino Sugars ◽  
Pseudomonas Species
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