Evaluation of Antimicrobial of P. vesicularis, Streptococcus faecalis, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Salmonela typhae, Stphylococcus cohni, Serratia ficaria and E. coli. of crude and n-butanol fraction fruit latex of Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae)

The current study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of crude and N-Butanol fraction latex of C. papaya. Methods: in vitro antimicrobial activity The test organisms were P.vesicularis, streptococcus faecalis, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Salmonela typhae, Stphylococcus cohni, Serratia ficaria and E.coli. Ciprofloxacin was used as a control for investigating the bacterial species. The Zone of inhibition was determined forconcentration ranging from 12.5mg/ml to 50mg/ml. (12.5mg/ml, 25mg/ml, 37.5mg/ml, and 50mg/ml). Antibacterial activity tested for well diffusion method. Conclusion: It is concluded that the latex of C.papaya probably contains some valuable antimicrobial compounds that are crucial for inhibiting the growth of a wide variety of bacteria, especially Gram-negative bacteria and suggesting this for applying the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections.

Effect of a Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula (CoTOL) on Serum Uric Acid and Intestinal Flora in Obese Hyperuricemic Mice Inoculated with Intestinal Bacteria

CoTOL is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula in clinics for treating gout and hyperuricemia, especially in obese patients with recurrent attacks. However, fewer studies have investigated how CoTOL impacts the intestinal flora in reducing uric acid. In the present, we analyze the bacteria targeted by ingredients of CoTOL and evaluate the effects of CoTOL on uric acid and intestinal flora in a mice model of obese hyperuricemia inoculated with xanthine dehydrogenase- (XOD-) producing bacteria, Streptococcus faecalis. Firstly, ingredients of herbs in CoTOL and gene target by these ingredients were retrieved from TCMID 2.0, and these genes were screened by DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 6.8, deciphered to retrieve the bacteria. Then, 3-4-week-old male C57bl/6j mice were randomly divided into 6 groups and fed with high fat diet for 8 weeks up to obesity standard. The mice were inoculated intragastrically with 5 × 109 CFU Streptococcus faecalis 3 times at the 5th, 6th, and 7th week and intragastrically administrated with uricase inhibitor, potassium-oxonate (PO, 250 mg/kg), to induce hyperuricemia at the 8th week, once a day for 7 consecutive days, respectively (IB model). IB model plus CoTOL (0.4 ml/20g) and allopurinol (40 mg/kg) were administrated by gavage at the 5th week, once a day for 4 weeks. The feces and blood in each group were sampled at the 4th and 8th week. With no bacteria inoculation, CoTOL, allopurinol, and blank group were treated with CoTOL and allopurinol or water, respectively. 44 species of bacteria (i.e., Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus, etc.) genes were targeted by 6 ingredients of 6 herbs in CoTOL. Inoculation with Streptococcus faecalis significantly caused the elevation of uric acid and the change of intestinal flora structure, whereas treatment with CoTOL significantly increased the abundance of Akkermansia and those of Bacteroides and Alloprevotella decreased. Furthermore, CoTOL exhibited a unique effect on reducing weight unobserved in allopurinol intervention. The present study, for the first time, demonstrated that CoTOL has beneficial effects on hyperuricemia and overweight, which may be attributed to regulating material metabolism and improving the structure or function of intestinal flora. Thus, CoTOL may be a promising therapy for hyperuricemia and overweight in chronic gout management and can be integrated with conventional treatments.

Efektivitas Ekstrak Serbuk Batang Siwak Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Streptococcus Pyogenes

<p>Abstract</p><p><strong>Background</strong> : Siwak (Salvadora Persica) is a plant that is widely used in the Middle East which was used to clean teeth and mouth. Currently there is also toothpaste that contains siwak as its active ingredient. Previous research, Siwak has anti-bacterial power against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus faecalis. This study aims to prove whether the extract of siwak stem powder can be used to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria, one of which can cause pharyngitis.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> Post Test Control Only Group Design method. 24 samples divided into four replications and six treatments. The research used siwak stem extract at a concentration of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%</p><p><strong>Result</strong>: showed that the inhibition zone of siwak stem extract on the growth of Streptococus pyogenes obtained an average inhibition zone of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentrations, namely 0 mm, 8.47 mm, 9.77 mm and 10.37 mm. The statistical test results showed that the diameter of the bacterial inhibition zone in the K1 group was significantly different against K3, K4, K5, K6, as well as between the K2 groups against K3, K4, K5, K6. There is no significant difference between K1 and K2 and K3 with K4 and K4 with K5. At a concentration of 50% the ethanol extract of the siwak stem powder was able to provide an inhibitory power on the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria and an increase in the concentration of 75% and 100%, the more its inhibition power was increased. At a concentration of 100% it was statistically significant different from the inhibition of amoxicillin</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong> : Concentration of 50% ethanol extract of siwak stem powder provides minimal inhibitory power on the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. The higher the extract concentration, the wider the inhibition zone formed.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Sebuk siwak stem, Streptococus pyogenes</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p><strong>Latar belakang : </strong>Siwak merupakan tumbuhan yang banyak di daerah timur tengah yang dulu dipakai untuk membersihkan gigi dan mulut. Saat ini juga tersedia pasta gigi yang mengandung siwak sebagai bahan aktifnya. Penelitian sebelumnya siwak memiliki daya anti bakteri terhadap streptococcus mutans dan streptococcus faecalis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahwa ekstrak serbuk batang siwak apakah dapat dipakai untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri streptococcus pyogenes yang salah satunya bisa menyebabkan faringitis.</p><p><strong>Metode :</strong> Post Test Control Only Group Design. 24 sampel dibagi menjadi empat kali pengulangan dan enam perlakuan. Penelitian menggunakan ekstrak batang siwak pada konsentrasi 25%, 50%,75% dan 100%.</p><p><strong>Hasil Penelitian :</strong> adanya zona hambat ekstrak serbuk batang siwak terhadap pertumbuhan Streptococus pyogenes diperoleh rata-rata zona hambat dari masing-masing konsentrasi 25%,50%, 75%, dan 100% adalah 0 mm, 8,47 mm, 9,77 mm dan 10,37 mm. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan diameter zona hambat bakteri pada kelompok K1 berbeda signifikan terhadap K3, K4, K5, K6, serta antara kelompok K2 terhadap K3, K4, K5, K6. Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara K1 dengan K2 dan K3 dengan K4 dan K4 dengan K5. Pada konsentrasi 50% ekstrak etanol serbuk batang siwak sudah dapat memberikan daya hambat pada pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus pyogenes dan peningkatan konsentrasi 75% dan 100% semakin meningkat daya hambatnya. Pada konsentrasi 100% secara statistik berbeda signifikan dengan daya hambat amoxicillin.</p><p><strong>Kesimpulan :</strong> Konsentrasi 50% ekstrak etanol serbuk batang siwak memberikan daya hambat minimal pada pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus pyogenes. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi ekstrak maka zona hambat yang terbentuk akan semakin luas.</p><p><strong>Kata Kunci :</strong> Sebuk batang siwak, Streptococus pyogenes</p>

Microbiological Assessment of Fresh Expressed Breast Milk on Room Temperature at Dr. Soetomo Hospital Neonatal Unit

Expressed breast milk (EBM) has been advocated as an effective way for encouraging and maintaining lactation when the mother is separated from the baby for a while. Storing EBM at room temperature in several hours before consuming, frequently found in Indonesia. Based on WHO guidelines EBM can last for 6 to 8 hours in room temperature. But currently there hasn’t been study in tropical country especially Indonesia for the guidelines. Assesing microbiological quality of EBM on room temperature, including bacterial growth and major bacterial found on EBM for health care and society recommendations. An observational study of 30 expressed breast milk samples provided by 30 healthy women with term baby below 6 month old. EBM were collected by electric breast pump swing model. The samples were kept sterile and laid at plates for 2 hours, 4 hours and 6 hours in room temperature (26o- 32oC) and used drop plate technique on several culture media. Data was analyzed by Chi-square and paired sample T-test. Thirty of unheated fresh EBM from 30 lactating mothers were stored at room temperature, examined for the degree of bacterial contamination at 0 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours. All the EBM samples were contaminated at 2 hour. There were strong correlation between 2 hours storing with 4 hours storing (p=0.004) and total colony (p=0.000). There were also significant difference between bacterial colony and the duration itself (p=0.026). Bacterial species identified was Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS), Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus faecalis, range of growth 109 cfu/ml - 63 x 109 cfu/mm3 after 6 hour of storage. Evaluation result that the EBM exposed at room temperature (30-36 0C) for more than two hour reduce the quality and do not recommended to be given to the infants because bacterial counts > 104 cfu/ml and the present of pathogens E. coli, Streptococcus faecalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Water and air ozone treatment as an alternative sanitizing technology [abstract]

PURPOSE: Investigate the effectiveness of ozone treatment as an alternative sanitizing technology to conventional disinfectants in reducing the microbial contamination of both water and air. METHODS: Ozone was added for 20 minutes to a well-defined volume of water and air by the system named “Ozonomatic®”. The effectiveness of ozonation was determined by counting CFU/m3 or mL of bacteria present in samples of air or water collected before (T0) and after (T1) the addition of ozone and comparing the microbial load of different bacteria present in ozonized and non-ozonized samples. RESULTS: When the ozonation equipment was located at 30 cm from the surface of the water in the bath tub in which the bacteria were inoculated, the treatment was able to reduce the microbial load present in the aerosol by 70.4% at a temperature of 36°C for 48 hours. Conversely, at 22°C for 5 days, only a modest decrease (9.1%) was observed. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were completely eliminated. A 93.9% reduction was observed for Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Streptococcus faecalis (25.9%). The addition of ozone to water was able to almost eliminate Staphylococcus aureus (98.9% reduction) and also to exert a strong impact on Legionella pneumophila (87.5% reduction). Streptococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed a decrease of 64.2% and 57.4%, respectively. Conversely, only a 26.4% reduction was observed for the bacterium Escherichia coli. This study showed that the addition of ozone in the air exerted a modest reduction on microbial load at 36°C, whereas no effect was observed at 22°C. CONCLUSIONS: Aqueous and gaseous ozone treatments were effective against microbial contaminants, reducing the CFU of the microorganisms and confirming its efficacy in water and air disinfection.

Isolation and Identification of Microorganisms Associated with Bioremediation of Oil Spilled Site in Bodo West, Rivers State, Nigeria.

The samples collected from an oil spilled sites in Bodo West in Gokana Local Government of Rivers State in Nigeria were isolated to identify microorganisms associated with bioremediation. The population of about 311 different forming colonies were recorded in the study area; out of which 18 distinctive colonies were identified based on their morphological observation. From the selected isolates, 10 of them were assumed to be degraders because they form maximum clear zones on the mineral salt media. The results of the analysis show that notable number of microorganism of which seven bacteria and seven fungi were isolated and identified. The bacteria are Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus lactic, Streptococcus epidemidis, Streptococcus faecalis, Clostridium sprogenes, Aerococcus viridems, and Bacillus anthracis. The fungi are Articulosspara inflate, Dendospora erecta, Aspergillus niger, Liodioderium Species, Geotichrum albdum, Aspergillus funigatus and Sreptothric atrax. On the strength of the result, it is inferred that microorganisms are associated with bioremediation and can be used for environmental and petroleum cleanup exercise in an oil spilled site.

Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Bacteria Isolated from Biofilms in Water from Groundwater Sources in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

This study investigated the pattern of occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in biofilms in water from groundwater sources in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from boreholes and wells within Ado-Ekiti metropolis over a period of 4 months (n = 100), and biofilm samples were taken at interval of seven days within the period of storage and subjected to microbiological analysis until the total bacterial counts were significant. Enumeration of bacteria in biofilms and antibiotic sensitivity of the bacterial isolates were carried out using standard microbiological methods and multiple antibiotic resistant indexes of the bacterial isolates were calculated. Results showed that a total of 202 bacterial isolates were obtained from the biofilms of the water samples and this include Streptococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Shigella dysenteriae. Of all the bacterial isolates, Streptococcus faecalis had the highest frequency of occurrence (90 %). The bacterial isolates from the biofilms in water from borehole had the highest bacterial count (1.11 × 104 cfu/ml) and were more resistant to antibiotics, whereas those from well had the least bacterial count (0.78 × 104 cfu/ml) and were less resistant to antibiotics. A total of 106 (52.5%) bacterial isolates displayed multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) with indexes greater than 0.2. The findings from this study suggest high prevalence of MAR indexes indicating high source of contamination in areas where antibiotics are used in Ado-Ekiti. Water from the groundwater sources should be treated at point of use and should not be stored for too long before use to prevent the development of biofilms that may be of great significance to human health.