High susceptibility, viral dynamics and persistence of South American Zika virus in New World monkeys

Abstract South American Zika virus (ZIKV) recently emerged as a novel human pathogen, linked with neurological disorders. However, comparative ZIKV infectivity studies in New World primates are lacking. Two members of the Callitrichidae family, common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and red-bellied tamarins (Saguinus labiatus), were highly susceptible to sub-cutaneous challenge with the Puerto Rico-origin ZIKVPRVABC59 strain. Both exhibited rapid, high, acute viraemia with early neuroinvasion (3 days) in peripheral and central nervous tissue. ZIKV RNA levels in blood and tissues were significantly higher in New World hosts compared to Old World species (Macaca mulatta, Macaca fascicularis). Tamarins and rhesus macaques exhibited loss of zonal occludens-1 (ZO-1) staining, indicative of a compromised blood-brain barrier 3 days post-ZIKV exposure. Early, widespread dissemination across multiple anatomical sites distant to the inoculation site preceded extensive ZIKV persistence after 100 days in New and Old World lineages, especially lymphoid, neurological and reproductive sites. Prolonged persistence in brain tissue has implications for otherwise resolved human ZIKV infection. High susceptibility of distinct New World species underscores possible establishment of ZIKV sylvatic cycles in primates indigenous to ZIKV endemic regions. Tamarins and marmosets represent viable New World models for ZIKV pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention studies, including vaccines, with contemporary strains.

Download Full-text

Serological evidence of infection with Tana and Yaba pox viruses among several species of monkey

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400023445 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 245-250 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

A. W. Downie

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

New World ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

New World Monkeys ◽

South American ◽

Serological Evidence ◽

Cynomolgus Monkeys

SUMMARYSera from cynomolgus monkeys from Malaysia, from Indian rhesus monkeys, from various species of monkeys from Africa and from South America have been examined for neutralizing antibody to Tanapox and Yaba viruses. No antibody was found to either virus in the sera of rhesus monkeys or South American monkeys. A certain proportion of sera from cynomolgus monkeys and various species of African monkey showed antibody to one or other of the viruses, but few of the positive sera showed antibody to both. The results would seem to suggest that infection with the two viruses is endemic in African and Malaysian monkeys but does not occur or is very rare in Indian rhesus and New World monkeys.

Download Full-text

Plasmodium malariae: Parasite and Disease

Clinical Microbiology Reviews ◽

10.1128/cmr.00027-07 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 579-592 ◽

Cited By ~ 138

Author(s):

William E. Collins ◽

Geoffrey M. Jeffery

Keyword(s):

Malaria Parasite ◽

New World ◽

Plasmodium Malariae ◽

New World Monkeys ◽

South American ◽

Malaria Therapy ◽

Parasite Detection ◽

Molecular Studies ◽

History Of ◽

Plasmodium Brasilianum

SUMMARY A review of the life history of Plasmodium malariae, the quartan malaria parasite of humans, is presented. Much of the information is based on data obtained from induced infections in humans who were given malaria therapy for the treatment of neurosyphilis between 1940 and 1963. Prepatent periods (i.e., the time until the first day of parasite detection) fever episodes, and maximum parasitemias as a result of infection with P. malariae were obtained and are presented. Experimental and known vectors of the parasite are also discussed. Splenectomized chimpanzees and New World monkeys are readily infected and serve as sources of parasites and antigens for diagnostic and molecular studies. South American monkeys are naturally infected with a parasite known as Plasmodium brasilianum. This parasite appears to be P. malariae that has adapted from humans to grow in monkeys, probably within the last 500 years. Infection with P. malariae is associated with the production of immune complexes in the kidneys and the associated nephrotic syndrome. The essential lesions are a thickening of the glomerular basement membrane and endocapillary cell proliferation. Studies of monkeys infected with P. malariae indicate the same pathology as that demonstrated in humans.

Download Full-text

Contrasting Rates of LINE-1 Amplification among New World Primates of the Atelidae Family

Cytogenetic and Genome Research ◽

10.1159/000490481 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 154 (4) ◽

pp. 217-228 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Akash Sookdeo ◽

Manuel Ruiz-García ◽

Horacio Schneider ◽

Stéphane Boissinot

Keyword(s):

New World ◽

Single Species ◽

Spider Monkeys ◽

New World Monkeys ◽

South American ◽

Evolutionary Analysis ◽

New World Primates ◽

Mammalian Genomes ◽

Host Life ◽

Control Of Transposition

LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposons constitute the dominant category of transposons in mammalian genomes. L1 elements are active in the vast majority of mammals, and only a few cases of L1 extinction have been documented. The only possible case of extinction in primates was suggested for South American spider monkeys. However, these previous studies were based on a single species. We revisited this question with a larger phylogenetic sample, covering all 4 genera of Atelidae and 3 species of spider monkeys. We used an enrichment method to clone recently inserted L1 elements and performed an evolutionary analysis of the sequences. We were able to identify young L1 elements in all taxa, suggesting that L1 is probably still active in all Atelidae examined. However, we also detected considerable variations in the proportion of recent elements indicating that the rate of L1 amplification varies among Atelidae by a 3-fold factor. The extent of L1 amplification in Atelidae remains overall lower than in other New World monkeys. Multiple factors can affect the amplification of L1, such as the demography of the host and the control of transposition. These factors are discussed in the context of host life history.

Download Full-text

Potential for Zika virus to establish a sylvatic transmission cycle in the Americas

10.1101/047175 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Benjamin M. Althouse ◽

Nikos Vasilakis ◽

Amadou A. Sall ◽

Mawlouth Diallo ◽

Scott C. Weaver ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Zika Virus ◽

New World ◽

Vector Competence ◽

Host Population ◽

Transmission Model ◽

New World Monkeys ◽

Sylvatic Cycle ◽

Transmission Cycle ◽

Force Of Infection ◽

Congenital Zika Syndrome

AbstractZika virus (ZIKV) originated and continues to circulate in a sylvatic transmission cycle between non-human primate hosts and arboreal mosquitoes in tropical Africa. Recently ZIKV invaded the Americas, where it poses a threat to human health, especially to pregnant women and their infants. Here we examine the risk that ZIKV will establish a sylvatic cycle in the Americas, focusing on Brazil. We review the natural history of sylvatic ZIKV and present a mathematical dynamic transmission model to assess the probability of establishment of a sylvatic ZIKV transmission cycle in non-human primates and/or other mammals and arboreal mosquito vectors in Brazil. Brazil is home to multiple species of primates and mosquitoes potentially capable of ZIKV transmission, though direct assessment of host competence (ability to mount viremia sufficient to infect a feeding mosquito) and vector competence (ability to become infected with ZIKV and disseminate and transmit upon subsequent feedings) of New World species is lacking. Modeling reveals a high probability of establishment of sylvatic ZIKV across a large range of biologically plausible parameters. Probability of establishment is dependent on host population sizes and birthrates and ZIKV force of infection, but a network of as few as 6,000 primates with 10,000 mosquitoes is capable of supporting establishment of a ZIKV sylvatic cycle. Research on the susceptibility of New World monkeys or other small mammals to ZIKV, on the vector competence of New World Aedes, Sabethes, and Haemagogus mosquitoes for ZIKV, and on the geographic range of these species is urgently needed. A sylvatic cycle of ZIKV would make future elimination efforts in the Americas practically impossible, and paints a dire situation for the epidemiology of ZIKV and ending the ongoing outbreak of congenital Zika syndrome.

Download Full-text