Epidemiological shift in the prevalence of pertussis in Taiwan: implications for pertussis vaccination

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Chi Lin ◽  
Shu-Man Yao ◽  
Jer-Jea Yan ◽  
Ying-Yan Chen ◽  
Chuen-Sheue Chiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Acellular Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Waning Immunity ◽  
Low Incidence

In Taiwan, routine pertussis immunization has been implemented for more than 40 years and a low incidence of pertussis was maintained until an 80-fold increase in cases occurred in 1992. The unexpected increase emphasized the significance of pertussis. This study evaluated a total of 2452 reported cases of pertussis during 1993–2004 and surveillance data on incidence, age distribution and seasonality. The highest morbidity was in infants aged <1 year, and upward trends in the incidence of pertussis were significant for infants aged <1 year and adolescents aged 10–14 years. The highest mean number of cases was observed in August and upward trends were in colder months. This study indicates that the epidemiology of pertussis may have been changed by waning immunity in Taiwan. Increased surveillance activities, especially in older age groups, and additional booster doses of acellular pertussis vaccine for children aged 6–8 years and adolescents/young adults aged 15–20 years are necessary to control and prevent pertussis.

scholarly journals Continued Age Shift of Confirmed Positive COVID-19 Incidence Over Time to Children and Young Adults: Washington State March - August 2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Malmgren ◽  
Boya Guo ◽  
Henry G. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Lower Priority ◽  
Washington State Department ◽  
Over Time

AbstractBackgroundAs the coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic passed the initial infection peak in Washington State, phased re-opening lifted stay-at-home orders and restrictions leading to increased non-essential work, social activities and gathering, especially among younger persons.MethodsA longitudinal cohort analysis of Washington State Department of Health COVID-19 confirmed case age distribution 1) March-April 2020 (N=13,934) and 2) March-August 2020 (N=76,032) for proportional change over time using chi square tests for significance.ResultsFrom March 1st to April 19, 2020 COVID-19 case positive age distribution shifted with a 10% decline in cases age 60 years and older and a 20% increase in age 0-19/20-39 years (chi-square = 223.10, p <.001). Number of cases over the eight-week analysis period were 0-19 years n = 515, 20-39 years n = 4078, 40-59 years n =4788, 60-79 years n = 3221, 80+ years n = 1332. After the peak (March 22, 2020), as incidence declined in older age groups, the combined percentage of cases age 0-19 and 20-39 increased from 20% to 40% of total cases. During this time testing expanded with more testing among older age groups while case positivity shifted young. Percent positive cases by age through August 2020 increased to a consistent average of 60% less than age 40 [age 0-19 increased to 19% (N = 10257), age 20-39 increased to 42% (N = 30215)].ConclusionsAn increased share of COVID-19 incidence among children (age 0-19) and young adults (age 20-39) indicates their elevated role in propagating the epidemic by creating a reservoir of disease with risk of spillovers to more vulnerable older persons and those with comorbid conditions. Media savvy and age appropriate COVID-19 messaging may increase mitigation compliance among these less vulnerable, more mobile and lower priority vaccination age groups. As vaccines become available, mitigation will continue to be a priority to reduce overall population incidence.

scholarly journals Continued proportional age shift of confirmed positive COVID-19 incidence over time to children and young adults: Washington State March—August 2020

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0243042
Author(s):  
Judith Malmgren ◽  
Boya Guo ◽  
Henry G. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Lower Priority ◽  
Over Time

Background As the coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic passed initial infection peak in Washington State, phased re-opening lifted stay-at-home orders and restrictions leading to increased non-essential work, social activities and gathering, especially among younger persons. Methods A longitudinal cohort analysis of Washington State Department of Health COVID-19 confirmed case age distribution 1) March-April 2020 (N = 13,934) and 2) March-August 2020 (N = 76,032) for proportional change over time using chi square tests for significance. Results From March 1st to April 19, 2020 COVID-19 age distribution shifted with a 10% decline in cases age 60 years and older and a 20% increase in age 0-19/20-39 years (chi-square = 223.10, p < .001). Number of cases over the initial analysis period were 0–19 years n = 515, 20–39 years n = 4078, 40–59 years n = 4788, 60–79 years n = 3221, 80+ years n = 1332. After the peak (March 22, 2020), incidence declined in older age groups and increased among age 0–19 and 20–39 age groups from 20% to 40% of total cases by April 19 and 50% by May 3. During this time testing expanded with more testing among older age groups and less testing among younger age groups while case positivity shifted young. Percent positive cases age 0-19/20-39 years through August 2020 increased to a consistent average of 60% [age 0–19 increased to 19% (N = 10257), age 20–39 increased to 42% (N = 30215)]. Conclusions An increased sustained proportion of COVID-19 incidence is present among children (age 0–19) and young adults (age 20–39) indicating an elevated role in disease spread during the epidemic creating a possible reservoir of disease with spillover risk to more vulnerable older persons and those with comorbid conditions. Media savvy age-appropriate messaging to enhance mitigation compliance among less vulnerable, more mobile and lower priority vaccination age groups will be a continued necessity and priority to reduce overall population incidence.

scholarly journals Use of the moving epidemic method (MEM) to assess national surveillance data for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in the Netherlands, 2005 to 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura M Vos ◽  
Anne C Teirlinck ◽  
José E Lozano ◽  
Tomás Vega ◽  
Gé A Donker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Laboratory Surveillance ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Background To control respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which causes acute respiratory infections, data and methods to assess its epidemiology are important. Aim We sought to describe RSV seasonality, affected age groups and RSV-type distribution over 12 consecutive seasons in the Netherlands, as well as to validate the moving epidemic method (MEM) for monitoring RSV epidemics. Methods We used 2005−17 laboratory surveillance data and sentinel data. For RSV seasonality evaluation, epidemic thresholds (i) at 1.2% of the cumulative number of RSV-positive patients per season and (ii) at 20 detections per week (for laboratory data) were employed. We also assessed MEM thresholds. Results In laboratory data RSV was reported 25,491 times (no denominator). In sentinel data 5.6% (767/13,577) of specimens tested RSV positive. Over 12 seasons, sentinel data showed percentage increases of RSV positive samples. The average epidemic length was 18.0 weeks (95% confidence intervals (CI):  16.3–19.7) and 16.5 weeks (95% CI: 14.0–18.0) for laboratory and sentinel data, respectively. Epidemics started on average in week 46 (95% CI: 45–48) and 47 (95% CI:  46–49), respectively. The peak was on average in the first week of January in both datasets. MEM showed similar results to the other methods. RSV incidence was highest in youngest (0–1 and >1–2 years) and oldest (>65–75 and > 75 years) age groups, with age distribution remaining stable over time. RSV-type dominance alternated every one or two seasons. Conclusions Our findings provide baseline information for immunisation advisory groups. The possibility of employing MEM to monitor RSV epidemics allows prospective, nearly real-time use of surveillance data.

Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of the Biken acellular pertussis vaccine in young adults

Vaccine ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 403-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.J. Schmitt ◽  
K. Mohnike ◽  
F. Zepp ◽  
P. Herden ◽  
P. Hosbach
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Acellular Pertussis Vaccine

scholarly journals Immunogenicity and Safety after Booster Vaccination of Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Acellular Pertussis in Young Adults: an Open Randomized Controlled Trial in Japan

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 1799-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megumi Hara ◽  
Kenji Okada ◽  
Yuko Yamaguchi ◽  
Shingo Uno ◽  
Yasuko Otsuka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Booster Vaccination ◽  
Acellular Pertussis Vaccine ◽  
Serious Adverse Events ◽  
Booster Immunization ◽  
Registration Number

ABSTRACTThe recent increase of pertussis in young adults in Japan is hypothesized to be due in part to waning protection from the acellular pertussis vaccine. While a booster immunization may prevent an epidemic of pertussis among these young adults, little is known about the safety and immunogenicity of such a booster with the diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP), which is currently available in Japan. One hundred and eleven medical students with a mean age of 19.4 years were randomly divided into 2 groups of 55 and 56 subjects and received, respectively, 0.2 or 0.5 ml of DTaP. Immunogenicity was assessed by performing the immunoassay using serum, and the geometric mean concentration (GMC), GMC ratio (GMCR), seropositive rate, and booster response rate were calculated. Adverse reactions and adverse events were monitored for 7 days after vaccination. After booster vaccination in the two groups, significant increases were found in the antibodies against pertussis toxin, filamentous hemagglutinin, diphtheria toxoid, and tetanus toxoid, and the booster response rates for all subjects reached 100%. The GMCs and GMCRs against all antigens were significantly higher in the 0.5-ml group than in the 0.2-ml group. No serious adverse events were observed. Frequencies of local reactions were similar in the 2 groups, although the frequency of severe local swelling was significantly higher in the 0.5-ml group. These data support the acceptability of booster immunization using both 0.2 and 0.5 ml of DTaP for young adults for controlling pertussis. (This study was registered at UMIN-CTR under registration number UMIN000010672.)

scholarly journals Survival patterns in teenagers and young adults with cancer in the United Kingdom: Comparisons with younger and older age groups

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (17) ◽  
pp. 2643-2654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Stark ◽  
David Bowen ◽  
Elaine Dunwoodie ◽  
Richard Feltbower ◽  
Rod Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Age ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Teenagers And Young Adults ◽  
Survival Patterns

scholarly journals The importance of age-specific data in routine syndromic surveillance

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Morbey ◽  
Alex J. Elliot ◽  
Gillian E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Outbreak Detection ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Wide Range

ObjectiveTo investigate whether aberration detection methods for syndromicsurveillance would be more useful if data were stratified by age band.IntroductionWhen monitoring public health incidents using syndromicsurveillance systems, Public Health England (PHE) uses the ageof the presenting patient as a key indicator to further assess theseverity, impact of the incident, and to provide intelligence on thelikely cause. However the age distribution of cases is usually notconsidered until after unusual activity has been identified in the all-ages population data. We assessed whether monitoring specific agegroups contemporaneously could improve the timeliness, specificityand sensitivity of public health surveillance.MethodsFirst, we examined a wide range of health indicators from the PHEsyndromic surveillance systems to identify for further study thosewith the greatest seasonal variation in the age distribution of cases.Secondly, we examined the identified indicators to ascertain whetherany age bands consistently lagged behind other age bands. Finally,we applied outbreak detection methods retrospectively to age specificdata, identifying periods of increased activity that were only detectedor detected earlier when age-specific surveillance was used.ResultsSeasonal increases in respiratory indicators occurred first inyounger age groups, with increases in children under 5 providingearly warning of subsequent increases occurring in older age groups.Also, we found age specific indicators improved the specificity ofsurveillance using indicators relating to respiratory and eye problems;identifying unusual activity that was less apparent in the all-agespopulation.ConclusionsRoutine surveillance of respiratory indicators in young childrenwould have provided early warning of increases in older age groups,where the burden on health care usage, e.g. hospital admissions, isgreatest. Furthermore this cross-correlation between ages occurredconsistently even though the age distribution of the burden ofrespiratory cases varied between seasons. Age specific surveillancecan improve sensitivity of outbreak detection although all-agesurveillance remains more powerful when case numbers are low.

TALES (GAWĘDA) AND STORYTELLING AS A MEANS OF CARE AND UPBRINGING IN EARLY SCHOOL

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-284
Author(s):  
Jakub Jerzy Czarkowski
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Fairy Tales ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Cultural Education ◽  
Early School

Gawęda - the story has been an important element of cultural education since the earliest times. Children like to listen to fairy tales. It is a great way for them to learn important and impossible to show matters, e.g. values. The study presented on different groups of preschool children (six-year-olds) shows that storytelling - listening is still an attractive way to upbringing. It is also worth conducting similar studies in older age groups, including adolescents and young adults. The presented research and considerations also lead to the conclusion that to some extent we are all children and we need such stories. Storytelling serves listeners, but it can also be used by storytellers because good storytelling requires reflection and also serves the development of a tutor storyteller.

scholarly journals Denominators count: supplementing surveillance data for genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection with testing data, Norway, 2007 to 2013

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (36) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilde Kløvstad ◽  
Preben Aavitsland
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Chlamydia Infection ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection ◽  
Testing Data ◽  
Testing Coverage

As genital Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia) infection is often asymptomatic, surveillance of diagnosed cases is heavily influenced by the rate and distribution of testing. In 2007, we started supplementing case-based surveillance data from the Norwegian Surveillance System for Communicable Diseases (MSIS) with aggregated data on age group and sex of individuals tested. In this report, annual testing rates, diagnosis rates and proportion positive for chlamydia in Norway between 1990 and 2013 are presented. From 2007, rates are also stratified by age group and sex. The annual testing rate for chlamydia culminated in the early 1990s, with 8,035 tested per 100,000 population in 1991. It then declined to 5,312 per 100,000 in 2000 after which it remained relatively stable. Between 1990 and 2013 the annual rate of diagnosed cases increased 1.5 times from ca 300 to ca 450 per 100,000 population. The proportion of positive among the tested rose twofold from ca 4% in the 1990s to 8% in 2013. Data from 2007 to 2013 indicate that more women than men were tested (ratio: 2.56; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.56–2.58) and diagnosed (1.54; 95% CI: 1.52–1.56). Among tested individuals above 14 years-old, the proportion positive was higher in men than women for all age groups. Too many tests are performed in women aged 30 years and older, where 49 of 50 tests are negative. Testing coverage is low (15%) among 15 to 24 year-old males. Information on sex and age-distribution among the tested helps to interpret surveillance data and provides indications on how to improve targeting of testing for chlamydia. Regular prevalence surveys may address remaining limitations of surveillance.

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