THE IMPACT OF POOR WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICE ON THE CAMPUS STUDENTS: THE CASE OF GONDAR UNIVERSITY OF “TEWODROS” CAMPUS, ETHIOPIA

This study aimed to examine the impact of poor solid waste management on student’s health care at Gondar University of “Tewodros” campus. The study used a mixed-method approach. To recruit sample respondents', both probability and non-probability sampling methods have been employed. In the meantime, the study revealed the sources of solid waste, it is understood that the poorly collected and managed solid wastes of the study area due to the lack of necessary materials and facilities of waste collection, lack of laborers engaged in street sweeping and daily removal of solid waste is now becoming the major causes of environmental problems such as surface and groundwater pollution problems. Besides, the student’s health office personnel in the interview approached the general health status of the students on the campus during this year. Accordingly, dysentery, common cold, and typhoid are the most frequently appear disease on the Tewodros campus. Therefore, there should be a “students committee “at the campus level to control illegal dumping and to develop practice and habits of poor waste handling and disposal in the community, and there must be apparent regulation and policy frameworks that prohibit poor waste management.

EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT HEALTH EXPENDITURES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HEALTH SECTOR IN NIGERIA (1979-2017). AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

Health is a very important aspect of an individual’s wellbeing, and since individuals make a nation, therefore, healthcare expenditure could be regarded as one of the necessary conditions to achieving a sustainable long-term economic development. This study examined the effects of government health expenditures on the performance of health Sector in Nigeria. The study employed expo facto research design. The annual time series data from 1979 to 2017 was used in this study from Statistical Bulletin of the Central Bank of Nigeria and World Development Indicators, 2018. The pre estimation test like the descriptive statistics, Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test Johensen cointegration test and Error correction model test. The OLS estimation technique was used to determine the coefficient of the variables and test the four hypothesis. The results indicated that government total health expenditures, capital health expenditure and recurrent health expenditures are positively related to the performance of health sector proxy by life expectancy rate and statistically insignificant. However capital health expenditure was statistically significant to life expectancy. The study recommends that more emphasis should be placed on the capital expenditures on health as this will facilitate rapid development of the sector and adequate Machinery should be put in place by all sectors of government to arrest corruption and penalize those who divert and embezzle public health fund among other recommendations were made.

YOUTH ASPIRATIONS AND MISFORTUNES IN NDOP MUNICIPALITY, CAMEROON: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Youth ambitions and the challenges they face remain a major issue facing every economy around the world. This study critically examines youth aspirations and their misfortunes in Ndop municipality. The paper also scrutinises the activities of the government in the process of empowering youth in Ndop municipality and further assesses challenges faced in the empowerment process. In carrying out this study, primary and secondary source materials were consulted and from them, the paper contends that the introduction and implementation of youth development programmes positively affected the youths. They gained skills through training programmes and also received free interest loans for business start-ups which enabled them to be self-reliant. The challenges that accompanied government efforts in the empowerment process affected the intended number of youth targeted to benefit from the government youth support programme (PAJER-U). Even as youth challenges were being addressed by various actors, this study reveals a picture of a combination of achievements and failures in the course of providing a brighter future for the youths.

AN ASSESSMENT OF FACTORS DETERMINING LAND USE COMPETITION BETWEEN ENSET (PERENNIAL) AND CEREAL (ANNUAL) CROPS IN HADIYA ZONE THE CASE OF LEMO WOREADA (SNNPR)

This study is about assessment of factors determining land use competition between cereals and enset crops in Hadiya zone, Lemo woreda. The main objective of the study was to assess changes in land use and cropping pat-tern, farmers’ perception on land use and cropping pattern as well as factors that determine land use competition between cereals and enset crops. A substantial section of this paper discussed the trends of land use and cropping pattern changes since 2000 and the determinant factors of the changes. Attempts are also made to explore the responses of peasants on causes of land competition between cereals and enset. The findings indicated that there are changes in land use and cropping pattern in the study area. It revealed that land use changes in the study area in the last 20 years, 2000 to 2019, specifically cultivated land and residential area expanded by 0.34% and 0.019% annually respectively. On the other hand, grazing and wood lands has decreased by 0.143% and 0.11% annually respectively. There were changes in the cropping pattern. The land use competition in dega area was among barely, wheat, enset and bean, whereas, in woinadega area the competition was amongst wheat, teff, chats and enset. These crops were dominant crops in dega as well as woinadega areas. The major determinant factors of the changes in land use and cropping pattern were population pressure, farm size, profit maximization, access to market, access to extension services, damages caused by wild animals, distance of plots from home, pests and diseases, land ragmentations, physical infrastructure and crop specific input requirements.

SERVANT LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR OF SCHOOL HEADS

The purpose of this study was to determine the domain in servant leadership that significantly influenced organizational citizenship behavior. The researcher employed quantitative research design utilizing the non-experimental, co-relational method of research as the data collection instrument. Specifically, it determined if servant leadership significantly influenced organizational citizenship behavior. The instrument used was the Or-ganizational Citizenship Behavior Questionnaire (OCBQ) to measure the dependent variable and Servant Leader-ship Scale to measure the independent variable and was validated by experts. The respondents of the study were the public elementary school teachers. Findings reveal that among the level of servant leadership, organizational stewardship was very high and when it comes to organizational citizenship behavior, only sportsmanship was moderate. There is a significant relationship between servant leadership and organizational citizenship behavior and among the domains of servant leadership, emotional healing, wisdom and organizational stewardship significantly influenced the organizational citizenship of school heads.

DETERMINANTS OF CAREER CHOICE AMONG FEMALE UNDERGRADUATES IN OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY, NIGERIA

Why females choose a career path is a stimulating question among social educators. Consequently, this study investigated the role of some intrinsic, extrinsic, and interpersonal variables in shaping the choice of career of female undergraduates. An Online Career Choice Survey questionnaire was administered to 1440 first to fifth-year female undergraduates randomly selected from Obafemi Awolowo University. Data obtained were subjected to ordinal logistic regression and descriptive analysis. Two intrinsic factors; prestige and personal interest were found to play a huge role in the choice of career. Among extrinsic factors, females were more likely to choose a career path that offers career advancement through training. Gender stereotypes and societal expectations as pro-jected by the media was a key interpersonal factor that could shape present-day career paths for young women. Taken together, these results bring forth the need for stakeholders in the educational system (teachers, counselors, principals) to provide career and professional development opportu-nities periodically to enable female students to make informed career decisions. Finally, given the huge influence of media in shaping future aspirations, there is a dire need for the media to portray women in traditionally male-dominated careers.

HEEDING TO ENGLISH MUSIC AND SONGS ENHANCES LISTENING SKILLS

Undeniably, teaching English listening is challenging. These challenges did not only involve teaching proper pronunciation, articulation, accent, dialectal variation but also the lack of modern listening devices and equip-ment. This qualitative research determined whether heeding to English music and songs could improve the listening skills of the students. Using focus groups, the researchers obtained the information through in-depth inter-views among 16 musically inclined freshmen English major students. Findings revealed that the participants were not genre oriented; they listened to English music and songs was a self-decision or influenced by peers; they bene-fitted from listening to English music and songs like making them emotionally stable, sharpening their mental and language abilities; they were able to keenly distinguish properly enunciated English words; they became linguis-tically aware of dialectal variations; and they were able to differentiate hearing and listening to music. Moreover, they listened to English music and songs as those were part and parcel of their lives. It implies that music and songs may be used in learning English in schools to facilitate psychological and linguistics faculties of tudents.

SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEXT AND RELIGIOUS PERSPECTIVES FOR DOMES-TIC VIOLENCE IN MEZAM DIVISION, CAMEROON, A HISTORICAL DISCOURSE

The socio-cultural and religious setting of Mezam division remains principal factors perpetuating domestic violence in several Mezam communities. Alarming rates of domestic violence greatly troubled majority of women who face a lot of challenges leaving abusive relationships. This paper critically examines the socio-cultural setting and religious perspectives of domestic violence in Mezam division. Primary and secondary source materials were consulted and from them, the paper contends that the dynamics in the socio-cultural setting of Mezam communities greatly influenced and perpetuated domestic violence. The people’s perceptions and attitudes towards domestic violence where shaped by their culture and traditional practices. The study revealed that religious believes such as Christianity and Islam equally had a major role to play as far as condoning and perpetuating domestic vio-lence was concern.

STUDENTS’ ATTITUDE TOWARD MONEY, A CASE STUDY FROM ALBANIAN STUDENTS

This study aims to realize an analysis of the students’ attitude toward money. We want to reveal some of the factors that influence their attitude toward money, and also to see if there are differences between males and females regarding this issue. We also aim to discover some of the tendencies that dominate on students’ attitude toward money. The information needed to realize this analysis was collected by interviewing 150 students, in a university in Korca, Albania. The students were selected casually. From the information collected we discovered that there was in general a tendency of the students to spend money for important things, or to fulfill most important needs and not misuse money. The study also revealed that this attitude was in general the same for both male and female students. Their attitude toward money was also similar between students with different levels of incomes. In general the study showed that students were conscious that to earn money they should work. This may be related with the fact that the most part of them were not employed and really appreciated their parents’ financial support.

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON PUBLIC DEBT AND ITS IMPACT ON NEPALESE ECONOMY

This study aims to find out the pattern and composition of public debt, and its impact on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth of Nepal. This study is based on secondary sources of infor-mation and the data are collected from relevant archives. The collected data and information have been analyzed through descriptive as well as analytical research methods. Public borrowing has become a common practice for developing and even developed countries in order to meet the inter-nal resource crisis and development budget. Nepal had formally started borrowing from 1960s and government owed more from the external sources in the beginning, but the foreign assistance has been decreasing in recent periods. Public debt can not be so fruitful in terms of GDP growth, and this statement is supported by the fact that the average growth rate remains almost constant at 4.5 percent, but the average inflation rate is at 5.9 percent in the 40 years of study period. The amount of public debt has been increasing due to poor mobilization of internal resources and growth in unproductive recurrent expenses, especially due to the implementation of federalism of Nepal. The interest and principal of public debt especially in context of foreign debt, has been grow-ing year over year, so the burden of public debt has also been growing. In Nepalese context, the public debt to GDP ratio is 30.02 percent, so judging from that, public debt does not seem to be a serious problem as of now, because the alarming threshold specified by World Bank is at 77 per-cent. But, the growing trend of public borrowing may be a challenging problem for any nation in a long run, so the heavy dependence of national economy upon public debt, especially on foreign loan, ought to be minimized.