scholarly journals N : P Stoichiometry in a Forested Runoff during Storm Events: Comparisons with Regions and Vegetation Types

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lanlan Guo ◽  
Yi Chen ◽  
Zhao Zhang ◽  
Takehiko Fukushima
Keyword(s):  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Storm Water ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Forested Watersheds ◽  
Broadleaf Forest ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Forest Streams ◽  
Deciduous Broadleaf Forest

Nitrogen and phosphorus are considered the most important limiting elements in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. however, very few studies have focused on which is from forested streams, a bridge between these two systems. To fill this gap, we examined the concentrations of dissolved N and P in storm waters from forested watersheds of five regions in Japan, to characterize nutrient limitation and its potential controlling factors. First, dissolved N and P concentrations and the N : P ratio on forested streams were higher during storm events relative to baseflow conditions. Second, significantly higher dissolved inorganic N concentrations were found in storm waters from evergreen coniferous forest streams than those from deciduous broadleaf forest streams in Aichi, Kochi, Mie, Nagano, and with the exception of Tokyo. Finally, almost all the N : P ratios in the storm water were generally higher than 34, implying that the storm water should be P-limited, especially for Tokyo.

Species diversity of corticolous myxomycetes in Tianmu Mountain National Nature Reserve, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 803-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi-Sha Liu ◽  
Shu-Zhen Yan ◽  
Jun-Yong Dai ◽  
Shuang-Lin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Broadleaf Forest ◽  
Natural Reserve ◽  
Deciduous Broadleaf Forest

The species diversity of corticolous myxomycetes on 4 vegetation types in the Tianmu Mountain National Natural Reserve, eastern China, was examined from 2011 to 2012. A total of 1440 moist chamber cultures were prepared with bark samples, which yielded several hundred collections representing 42 species in 20 genera. It was found that 79% of cultures produced some evidence (either plasmodia or fruiting bodies) of myxomycetes. Eight species (Comatricha elegans, Cribraria confusa, Licea pusilla, Cribraria microcarpa, Collaria arcyrionema, Licea biforis, Arcyria cinerea, and Clastoderma debaryanum) were abundant (exceeding 3% of all records), but about a third of all species were classified as rare. Species richness (S = 33) and diversity (exp[H′] = 16.60, S/G = 1.74) of corticolous myxomycetes were the most diverse in the deciduous broadleaf forest. The species recorded from coniferous forest showed the lowest species richness (S = 21) but the highest evenness (J′ = 0.91). The cluster analyses were based on the Bray–Curtis similarity matrix, and the results indicated that corticolous myxomycete assemblages were distributed by a seasonal and annual pattern. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that season and pH were key factors in determining species distribution.

Chemistry of Bulk Precipitation in Halifax and its Effects on Chain and Chocolate Lakes

1985 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-105
Author(s):  
Ramalingaigh Dhandapani Thirumurthi ◽  
William C. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Bulk Deposition ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Forested Watersheds ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Chloride Sulfate ◽  
Flushing Rates ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Fifty-nine weekly bulk deposition samples and about 1100 lake water samples from the study area were analyzed for water quality parameters to document the bulk deposition chemistry and its effects on Chain and Chocolate Lakes. The composition of bulk deposition in Halifax (on chemical equivalent basis) was: chloride, 28 % of total ions; sodium, 25% sulfate, 15%; hydrogen, 14%; calcium, 6%; total nitrogen, 6%; magnesium, 4%; nitrate(N), 2%; ammonia(N), 1%; total phosphorus, 0.06%; and orthophosphorus, 0.03%. Marine sources contributed almost all of chloride and magnesium, 97% of sodium, 17% of sulfate, and 13% of calcium. Bulk deposition was not the major source of sodium, chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus to the study lakes. However, it was the principal source of hydrogen, nitrogen, and total phosphorus to the forested watersheds of Chain Lakes, and of hydrogen, orthophosphorus and total phosphorus to the urbanized watershed of Chocolate Lake. The effects of these ions were not reflected in the lakes' water quality, probably because of the excess alkalinity produced in the watersheds of Chain Lakes, and also because of high flushing rates of the lakes.

scholarly journals Response of carbon and water fluxes to meteorological and phenological variability in two eastern North American forests of similar age but contrasting species composition – a multiyear comparison

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (13) ◽  
pp. 3563-3587
Author(s):  
Eric R. Beamesderfer ◽  
M. Altaf Arain ◽  
Myroslava Khomik ◽  
Jason J. Brodeur ◽  
Brandon M. Burns
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Water Dynamics ◽  
Water Fluxes ◽  
Broadleaf Forest ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Annual Carbon ◽  
Deciduous Broadleaf Forest

Abstract. The annual carbon and water dynamics of two eastern North American temperate forests were compared over a 6-year period from 2012 to 2017. The geographic location, forest age, soil, and climate were similar between the two stands; however, stand composition varied in terms of tree leaf-retention and shape strategy: one stand was a deciduous broadleaf forest, while the other was an evergreen needleleaf forest. The 6-year mean annual net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of the coniferous forest was slightly higher and more variable (218±109 g C m−2 yr−1) compared to that of the deciduous forest NEP (200±83 g C m−2 yr−1). Similarly, the 6-year mean annual evapotranspiration (ET) of the coniferous forest was higher (442±33 mm yr−1) than that of the deciduous forest (388±34 mm yr−1), but with similar interannual variability. Summer meteorology greatly impacted the carbon and water fluxes in both stands; however, the degree of response varied among the two stands. In general, warm temperatures caused higher ecosystem respiration (RE), resulting in reduced annual NEP values – an impact that was more pronounced at the deciduous broadleaf forest compared to the evergreen needleleaf forest. However, during warm and dry years, the evergreen forest had largely reduced annual NEP values compared to the deciduous forest. Variability in annual ET at both forests was related most to the variability in annual air temperature (Ta), with the largest annual ET observed in the warmest years in the deciduous forest. Additionally, ET was sensitive to prolonged dry periods that reduced ET at both stands, although the reduction at the coniferous forest was relatively larger than that of the deciduous forest. If prolonged periods (weeks to months) of increased Ta and reduced precipitation are to be expected under future climates during summer months in the study region, our findings suggest that the deciduous broadleaf forest will likely remain an annual carbon sink, while the carbon sink–source status of the coniferous forest remains uncertain.

scholarly journals Plant ecophysiological processes in spectral profiles: perspective from a deciduous broadleaf forest

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hibiki M. Noda ◽  
Hiroyuki Muraoka ◽  
Kenlo Nishida Nasahara
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Spectral Reflectance ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Optical Remote Sensing ◽  
Canopy Reflectance ◽  
Broadleaf Forest ◽  
Leaf Optical Properties ◽  
Deciduous Broadleaf Forest

AbstractThe need for progress in satellite remote sensing of terrestrial ecosystems is intensifying under climate change. Further progress in Earth observations of photosynthetic activity and primary production from local to global scales is fundamental to the analysis of the current status and changes in the photosynthetic productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. In this paper, we review plant ecophysiological processes affecting optical properties of the forest canopy which can be measured with optical remote sensing by Earth-observation satellites. Spectral reflectance measured by optical remote sensing is utilized to estimate the temporal and spatial variations in the canopy structure and primary productivity. Optical information reflects the physical characteristics of the targeted vegetation; to use this information efficiently, mechanistic understanding of the basic consequences of plant ecophysiological and optical properties is essential over broad scales, from single leaf to canopy and landscape. In theory, canopy spectral reflectance is regulated by leaf optical properties (reflectance and transmittance spectra) and canopy structure (geometrical distributions of leaf area and angle). In a deciduous broadleaf forest, our measurements and modeling analysis of leaf-level characteristics showed that seasonal changes in chlorophyll content and mesophyll structure of deciduous tree species lead to a seasonal change in leaf optical properties. The canopy reflectance spectrum of the deciduous forest also changes with season. In particular, canopy reflectance in the green region showed a unique pattern in the early growing season: green reflectance increased rapidly after leaf emergence and decreased rapidly after canopy closure. Our model simulation showed that the seasonal change in the leaf optical properties and leaf area index caused this pattern. Based on this understanding we discuss how we can gain ecophysiological information from satellite images at the landscape level. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of ecophysiological remote sensing by satellites.

scholarly journals Transport of nitrogen and phosphorus from rhode river watersheds during storm events

1999 ◽  
Vol 35 (8) ◽  
pp. 2513-2521 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Correll ◽  
Thomas E. Jordan ◽  
Donald E. Weller
Keyword(s):  
Storm Events ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus

scholarly journals Analysis and Prediction of Gap Dynamics in a Secondary Deciduous Broadleaf Forest of Central Japan Using Airborne Multi-LiDAR Observations

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Kazuho Araki ◽  
Yoshio Awaya
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Light Detection And Ranging ◽  
Lidar Data ◽  
Gap Dynamics ◽  
Central Japan ◽  
Broadleaf Forest ◽  
Strong Linear Correlation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Deciduous Broadleaf Forest ◽  
Lidar Observations

Gaps are important for growth of vegetation on the forest floor. However, monitoring of gaps in large areas is difficult. Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data make precise gap mapping possible. We formulated a method to describe changes in gaps by time-series tracking of gap area changes using three digital canopy height models (DCHMs) based on LiDAR data collected in 2005, 2011, and 2016 over secondary deciduous broadleaf forest. We generated a mask that covered merging or splitting of gaps in the three DCHMs and allowed us to identify their spatiotemporal relationships. One-fifth of gaps merged with adjacent gaps or split into several gaps between 2005 and 2016. Gap shrinkage showed a strong linear correlation with gap area in 2005, via lateral growth of gap-edge trees between 2005 and 2016, as modeled by a linear regression analysis. New gaps that emerged between 2005 and 2011 shrank faster than gaps present in 2005. A statistical model to predict gap lifespan was developed and gap lifespan was mapped using data from 2005 and 2016. Predicted gap lifespan decreased greatly due to shrinkage and splitting of gaps between 2005 and 2016.

scholarly journals Simulation of Low Impact Development (LID) Practices and Comparison with Conventional Drainage Solutions

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis M. Kourtis ◽  
Vassilios A. Tsihrintzis ◽  
Evangelos Baltas
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Storm Water ◽  
Management Model ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Storm Water Management Model ◽  
Runoff Volume ◽  
Peak Runoff

The present work aims at quantifying the benefit of Low Impact Development (LID) practices in reducing peak runoff and runoff volume, and at comparing LID practices to conventional stormwater solutions. The hydrologic-hydraulic model used was the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM5.1). The LID practices modeled were: (i) Green roofs; and (ii) Permeable pavements. Each LID was tested independently and compared to two different conventional practices, i.e., sewer enlargement and detention pond design. Results showed that for small storm events LID practices are comparable to conventional measures, in reducing flooding. Overall, smaller storms should be included in the design process.

Evaluation of Surface Fluxes in ERA-Interim Using Flux Tower Data

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 1573-1582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunlüe Zhou ◽  
Kaicun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Turbulent Fluxes ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
High Density ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Broadleaf Forest ◽  
Deciduous Broadleaf Forest

Abstract Surface air temperature Ta is largely determined by surface net radiation Rn and its partitioning into latent (LE) and sensible heat fluxes (H). Existing model evaluations by comparison of absolute flux values are of limited help because the evaluation results are a blending of inconsistent spatial scales, inaccurate model forcing data, and imperfect parameterizations. This study further evaluates the relationships of LE and H with Rn and environmental parameters, including Ta, relative humidity (RH), and wind speed (WS), using ERA-Interim data at a 0.125° × 0.125° grid with observations at AmeriFlux sites from 1998 to 2012. The results demonstrate ERA-Interim can roughly reproduce the absolute values of environmental parameters, radiation, and turbulent fluxes. The model performs well in simulating the correlation of LE and H with Rn, except for the notable correlation overestimation of H against Rn over high-density vegetation (e.g., deciduous broadleaf forest, grassland, and cropland). The sensitivity of LE to Rn in the model is similar to that observed, but that of H to Rn is overestimated by 24.2%. Over the high-density vegetation, the correlation coefficient between H and Ta is overestimated by over 0.2, whereas that between H and WS is underestimated by over 0.43. The sensitivity of H to Ta is overestimated by 0.72 W m−2 °C−1, whereas that of H to WS in the model is underestimated by 16.15 W m−2 (m s−1)−1 over all of the sites. The model cannot accurately capture the responses of evaporative fraction [EF; EF = LE / (LE + H)] to Rn and environmental parameters. This calls for major research efforts to improve the intrinsic parameterizations of turbulent fluxes, particularly over high-density vegetation.

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