scholarly journals Niche and neutral processes both shape community structure in parallelized, aerobic, single carbon-source enrichments

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore M. Flynn ◽  
Jason C. Koval ◽  
Stephanie M. Greenwald ◽  
Sarah M. Owens ◽  
Kenneth M. Kemner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Initial Structure ◽  
Inoculum Source ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Carbon Amendment

AbstractHere we seek to test the extent to which laboratory enrichments mimic natural community processes and the degree to which the initial structure of a community determines its response to a press disturbance via the addition of environmentally-relevant carbon compounds. By utilizing aerobic substrate arrays to examine the effect of carbon amendment on microbial communities taken from six distinct environments (soil from a temperate prairie and forest, tropical forest soil, subalpine forest soil, and surface water and soil from a palustrine emergent wetland), we examined how carbon amendment and inoculum source shape the composition of the community in each enrichment. Dilute subsamples from each environment were used to inoculate 96-well microtiter plates containing triplicate wells amended with one of 31 carbon sources from 6 different classes of organic compound (phenols, polymers, carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, amines, amino acids). After incubating each well aerobically in the dark for 72 hours, we analyzed the composition of the microbial communities on the substrate arrays as well as the initial inocula by sequencing 16S rRNA gene amplicons using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Comparisons of alpha and beta diversity in these systems showed that, while the composition of the communities that grow to inhabit the wells in each substrate array diverges sharply from that of the original community in the inoculum, these enrichment communities are still is strongly affected by the inoculum source. We found most enrichments were dominated by one or several OTUs most closely related to aerobes or facultative anaerobes from theProteobacteria(e.g.Pseudomonas,Burkholderia, andRalstonia) orBacteroidetes(e.g.Chryseobacterium). Comparisons within each substrate array based on the class of carbon source further show that the communities inhabiting wells amended with a carbohydrate differ significantly from those enriched with a phenolic compound. Niche selection therefore seems to play a strong role in shaping the communities in the substrate arrays, although some stochasticity is seen whereby several replicate wells within a single substrate array display strongly divergent community compositions. Overall, the use of highly parallel substrate arrays offers a promising path forward to study the response of microbial communities to a changing environment.

scholarly journals Associations between human impacts and forest soil microbial communities

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongjian Chen ◽  
Jialiang Kuang ◽  
Pandeng Wang ◽  
Wensheng Shu ◽  
Albert Barberán
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Soil Variables

We are living in a new epoch—the Anthropocene, in which human activity is reshaping global biodiversity at an unprecedented rate. Increasing efforts are being made toward a better understanding of the associations between human activity and the geographic patterns in plant and animal communities. However, similar efforts are rarely applied to microbial communities. Here, we collected 472 forest soil samples across eastern China, and the bacterial and fungal communities in those samples were determined by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer region, respectively. By compiling human impact variables as well as climate and soil variables, our goal was to elucidate the association between microbial richness and human activity when climate and soil variables are taken into account. We found that soil microbial richness was associated with human activity. Specifically, human population density was positively associated with the richness of bacteria, nitrifying bacteria and fungal plant pathogens, but it was negatively associated with the richness of cellulolytic bacteria and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Together, these results suggest that the associations between geographic variations of soil microbial richness and human activity still persist when climate and soil variables are taken into account and that these associations vary among different microbial taxonomic and functional groups.

scholarly journals Microbial Ecology of Artisanal Feta and Kefalograviera Cheeses, Part I: Bacterial Community and Its Functional Characteristics with Focus on Lactic Acid Bacteria as Determined by Culture-Dependent Methods and Phenotype Microarrays

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Markella Tsigkrimani ◽  
Magdalini Bakogianni ◽  
Spiros Paramithiotis ◽  
Loulouda Bosnea ◽  
Eleni Pappa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Ripening Stage ◽  
Biolog Ecoplates ◽  
Feta Cheese ◽  
Main Carbon Source ◽  
Early Ripening

Artisanal cheesemaking is still performed using practices and conditions derived from tradition. Feta and Kefalograviera cheeses are very popular in Greece and have met worldwide commercial success. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding their lactic acid microecosystem composition and species dynamics during ripening. Thus, the aim of the present study was to assess the microecosystem as well as the autochthonous lactic acid microbiota during the ripening of artisanal Feta and Kefalograviera cheeses. For that purpose, raw sheep’s milk intended for cheesemaking, as well as Feta and Kefalograviera cheeses during early and late ripening were analyzed, and the lactic acid microbiota was identified using the classical phenotypic approach, clustering with PCR-RAPD and identification with sequencing of the 16S-rRNA gene, as well as with the Biolog GEN III microplates. In addition, the functional properties of the bacterial community were evaluated using the Biolog EcoPlates, which consists of 31 different carbon sources. In general, concordance between the techniques used was achieved. The most frequently isolated species from raw sheep’s milk were Enteroroccus faecium, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus. The microecosystem of Feta cheese in the early ripening stage was dominated by Lp. plantarum and E. faecium, whereas, in late ripening, the microecosystem was dominated by Weissella paramesenteroides. The microecosystem of Kefalograviera cheese in the early ripening stage was dominated by Levilactobacillus brevis and E. faecium, and in late ripening by W. paramesenteroides and E. faecium. Finally, Carbohydrates was the main carbon source category that metabolized by all microbial communities, but the extent of their utilization was varied. Kefalograviera samples, especially at early ripening, demonstrated higher metabolic activity compared to Feta cheese. However, dominating species within microbial communities of the cheese samples were not significantly different.

scholarly journals Production of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) by Haloarcula, Halorubrum, and Natrinema Haloarchaeal Genera Using Starch as a Carbon Source

Archaea ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Fatma Karray ◽  
Manel Ben Abdallah ◽  
Nidhal Baccar ◽  
Hatem Zaghden ◽  
Sami Sayadi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Halophilic Archaea ◽  
Hypersaline Lake ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Cell Factories ◽  
Phb Production

Microbial production of bioplastics, derived from poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), have provided a promising alternative towards plastic pollution. Compared to other extremophiles, halophilic archaea are considered as cell factories for PHB production by using renewable, inexpensive carbon sources, thus decreasing the fermentation cost. This study is aimed at screening 33 halophilic archaea isolated from three enrichment cultures from Tunisian hypersaline lake, Chott El Jerid, using starch as the sole carbon source by Nile Red/Sudan Black staining and further confirmed by PCR amplification of phaC and phaE polymerase genes. 14 isolates have been recognized as positive candidates for PHA production and detected during both seasons. The identification of these strains through 16S rRNA gene analyses showed their affiliation to Halorubrum, Natrinema, and Haloarcula genera. Among them, three PHB-producing strains, CEJ34-14, CEJ5-14, and CEJ48-10, related to Halorubrum chaoviator, Natrinema pallidum, and Haloarcula tradensis were found to be the best ones reaching values of 9.25, 7.11, and 1.42% of cell dry weight (CDW), respectively. Our findings highlighted that Halorubrum, Natrinema, and Haloarcula genera were promising candidates for PHB production using soluble starch as a carbon source under high salinity (250 g L-1 NaCl).

scholarly journals A Rapid Microtiter Plate Method To Measure Carbon Dioxide Evolved from Carbon Substrate Amendments so as To Determine the Physiological Profiles of Soil Microbial Communities by Using Whole Soil

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 3593-3599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin D. Campbell ◽  
Stephen J. Chapman ◽  
Clare M. Cameron ◽  
Mitchell S. Davidson ◽  
Jacqueline M. Potts
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Microtiter Plate ◽  
Wastewater Sludge ◽  
Carbon Substrate ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Deep Well

ABSTRACT Sole-carbon-source tests (Biolog), designed to identify bacteria, have become very popular for metabolically fingerprinting soil microbial communities, despite disadvantages associated with the use of carbon source profiles that primarily select for fast-growing bacteria. In this paper we describe the use of an alternative method that combines the advantages of the Biolog community-level physiological profile (CLPP) method, in which microtiter-based detection plates are used, with the ability to measure carbon dioxide evolution from whole soil. This method facilitates measurement over short periods of time (4 to 6 h) and does not require the extraction and culturing of organisms. Deep-well microtiter plates are used as test wells into which soil is placed. The apparatus to fill the deep-well plates and interface it with a second removable detection plate is described. Two detection systems, a simple colorimetric reaction in absorbent alkali and scintillation counting with radioactive carbon sources, are described. The methods were compared to the Biolog-CLPP system by using soils under different vegetation types and soil treated with wastewater sludge. We aimed to test the hypothesis that using whole soil would have specific advantages over using extracts in that more immediate responses to substrates could be obtained that would reflect activity rather than growth. The whole-soil method was more rapid and gave earlier detection of C source use. Also, the metabolic fingerprints obtained could discriminate between sludge treatments.

scholarly journals Isolation and characterization of a novel Sphingobium yanoikuyae strain variant that uses biohazardous saturated hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds as sole carbon sources

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 767
Author(s):  
Mautusi Mitra ◽  
Kevin Manoap-Anh-Khoa Nguyen ◽  
Taylor Wayland Box ◽  
Jesse Scott Gilpin ◽  
Seth Ryan Hamby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Saturated Hydrocarbons ◽  
Isolation And Characterization

Background: Green micro-alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (a Chlorophyte), can be cultured in the laboratory heterotrophically or photo-heterotrophically in Tris-Phosphate-Acetate (TAP) medium, which contains acetate as the carbon source. Chlamydomonas can convert acetate in the TAP medium to glucose via the glyoxylate cycle, a pathway present in many microbes and higher plants. A novel bacterial strain, CC4533, was isolated from a contaminated TAP agar medium culture plate of a Chlamydomonas wild type strain. In this article, we present our research on the isolation, and biochemical and molecular characterizations of CC4533. Methods: We conducted several microbiological tests and spectrophotometric analyses to biochemically characterize CC4533. The 16S rRNA gene of CC4533 was partially sequenced for taxonomic identification. We monitored the growth of CC4533 on Tris-Phosphate (TP) agar medium (lacks a carbon source) containing different sugars, aromatic compounds and saturated hydrocarbons, to see if CC4533 can use these chemicals as the sole source of carbon. Results: CC4533 is a Gram-negative, non-enteric yellow pigmented, aerobic, mesophilic bacillus. It is alpha-hemolytic and oxidase-positive. CC4533 can ferment glucose, sucrose and lactose, is starch hydrolysis-negative, resistant to penicillin, polymyxin B and chloramphenicol. CC4533 is sensitive to neomycin. Preliminary spectrophotometric analyses indicate that CC4533 produces b-carotenes. NCBI-BLAST analyses of the partial 16S rRNA gene sequence of CC4533 show 99.55% DNA sequence identity to that of Sphingobium yanoikuyae strain PR86 and S. yanoikuyae strain NRB095. CC4533 can use cyclo-chloroalkanes, saturated hydrocarbons present in car motor oil, polyhydroxyalkanoate, and mono- and poly-cyclic aromatic compounds, as sole carbon sources for growth. Conclusions: Taxonomically, CC4533 is very closely related to the alpha-proteobacterium S. yanoikuyae, whose genome has been sequenced. Future research is needed to probe the potential of CC4533 for environmental bioremediation. Whole genome sequencing of CC4533 will confirm if it is a novel strain of S. yanoikuyae or a new Sphingobium species.

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND CARBON SOURCE ON BIOXIDATION OF PYRITE-ARSENOPYRITE CONCENTRATE

2020 ◽  
pp. 361-363
Author(s):  
A. Nechaeva ◽  
Y. Elkina ◽  
V. Melamud
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Carbon Nutrition ◽  
Sulfide Concentrate ◽  
Gold Bearing

The effect of temperature and sources of carbon nutrition on the composition of microbial communities carrying out the biooxidation of gold-bearing sulfide concentrate and on the efficiency of the biooxidation was investigated. It was shown that the use of additional carbon sources makes it possible to influence the activity of the biooxidation process and the composition of microbial populations.

Asticcacaulis solisilvae sp. nov., isolated from forest soil

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (Pt_10) ◽  
pp. 3829-3834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seil Kim ◽  
Gyeongtaek Gong ◽  
Tai Hyun Park ◽  
Youngsoon Um
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Dna Hybridization ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Soil Isolate ◽  
Prosthecate Bacterium

An obligately aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, mesophilic prosthecate bacterium, designated strain CGM1-3ENT, was isolated from the enrichment cultures of forest soil from Cheonggyesan Mountain, Republic of Korea. Cells were Gram-reaction-negative, motile rods (1.3–2.4 µm long by 0.30–0.75 µm wide) with single flagella. The strain grew at 10–37 °C (optimum 25–30 °C) and at pH 4.5–9.5 (optimum 5.0–7.0). The major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω7c 11-methyl, C12 : 1 3-OH and summed feature 8 (comprising C18 : 1ω7c/C18 : 1ω6c). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain CGM1-3ENT was 63.7 mol%. The closest phylogenetic neighbour to strain CGM1-3ENT was identified as Asticcacaulis biprosthecium DSM 4723T (97.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and the DNA–DNA hybridization value between strain CGM1-3ENT and A. biprosthecium DSM 4723T was less than 24.5 %. Strain CGM1-3ENT used d-glucose, d-fructose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose, d-mannose, d-mannitol, d-sorbitol, d-galactose, cellobiose, lactose, raffinose, fumarate, pyruvate, dl-alanine and glycerol as carbon sources. Based on data from the present polyphasic study, the forest soil isolate CGM1-3ENT is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Asticcacaulis , for which the name Asticcacaulis solisilvae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CGM1-3ENT ( = AIM0088T = KCTC 32102T = JCM 18544T).

scholarly journals Alpha and Beta-diversity of Microbial Communities Associated to Plant Disease Suppressive Functions of On-farm Green Composts

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catello Pane ◽  
Roberto Sorrentino ◽  
Riccardo Scotti ◽  
Marcella Molisso ◽  
Antonio Di Matteo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Differential Pattern ◽  
Curtis Dissimilarity ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Green waste composts are obtained from agricultural production chains; their suppressive properties are increasingly being developed as a promising biological control option in the management of soil-borne phytopathogens. The wide variety of microbes harbored in the compost ecological niches may regulate suppressive functions through not yet fully known underlying mechanisms. This study investigates alpha- and beta-diversity of the compost microbial communities, as indicators of the biological features. Our green composts displayed a differential pattern of suppressiveness over the two assayed pathosystems. Fungal and bacterial densities, as well as catabolic and enzyme functionalities did not correlate with the compost control efficacy on cress disease. Differences in the suppressive potential of composts can be better predicted by the variations in the community levels of physiological profiles indicating that functional alpha-diversity is more predictive than that which is calculated on terminal restriction fragments length polymorphisms (T-RFLPs) targeting the 16S rRNA gene. However, beta-diversity described by nMDS analysis of the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity allowed for separating compost samples into distinct functionally meaningful clusters and indicated that suppressiveness could be regulated by selected groups of microorganisms as major deterministic mechanisms. This study contributes to individuating new suitable characterization procedures applicable to the suppressive green compost chain.

scholarly journals Alcanivorax balearicus sp. nov., isolated from Lake Martel

2007 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1331-1335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raúl Rivas ◽  
Paula García-Fraile ◽  
Alvaro Peix ◽  
Pedro F. Mateos ◽  
Eustoquio Martínez-Molina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Gene Sequence ◽  
Saline Lake ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Intergenic Spacer ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Separate Species

A bacterial strain designated MACL04T was isolated from Lake Martel, a subterraneous saline lake in Mallorca (Spain). The complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of this strain showed nearly 100 % similarity to that of Alcanivorax dieselolei B-5T. Despite this high similarity, strain MACL04T showed phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular differences with respect to A. dieselolei, indicating that strain MACL04T represents a separate species. Cells of strain MACL04T were motile by means of a single polar or subpolar flagellum and colonies formed on media containing 1 % (v/v) Tween 20 were opaque and mucoid, with blue–green iridescence. The generation time of strain MACL04T in this medium was approximately half that of A. dieselolei B-5T and strain MACL04T did not produce lipases after incubation for 5 days. Strain MACL04T did not require NaCl for growth and grew in the presence of up to 15 % (w/v) NaCl. The strain was able to use alkanes as a sole carbon source; however, glucose could also be used, albeit weakly, as a carbon source. Several amino acids and organic acids were used as carbon sources. Strain MACL04T produced acid in media containing pyruvate as the sole carbon source. The major fatty acids were C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c and C16 : 0. The fatty acid C16 : 1 ω8c, present in strain MACL04T, was not detected in the recognized Alcanivorax species. The sequences of the large and short 16S–23S intergenic spacer regions showed similarities of 97.2 and 98.8 % (ungapped) with respect to A. dieselolei B-5T. Partial sequences of gyrB and alkb genes showed 94.0 % similarity between strain MACL04T and A. dieselolei B-5T. The G+C content of strain MACL04T was 62.8 mol%. The data from this polyphasic study indicate that strain MACL04T represents a novel species of the genus Alcanivorax, for which the name Alcanivorax balearicus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MACL04T (=LMG 22508T=CECT 5683T).

scholarly journals Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and multi-SIR profiles of soil microbial communities from a karst doline at Aggtelek National Park, Hungary

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márton Mucsi ◽  
Gergely Krett ◽  
Tibor Szili-Kovács ◽  
János Móga ◽  
Andrea K. Borsodi
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Soil Microbial Communities ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

Abstract Soils play an important role in the ecosystem of karstic landscapes both as a buffer zone and as a source of acidity to belowground water. Although the microbiota of karstic soils is known to have a great effect on karstification processes, the activity and composition of these communities are largely unknown. This study gives a comparative analysis of soil microbial profiles from different parts of a doline located at Aggtelek, Hungary. The aim was to reveal the relationships between the vegetation type and genetic fingerprints and substrate utilisation (multi-SIR) profiles of the soil microbiota. Soil samples were collected in early and late springs along a transect in a doline covered with different types of vegetation. Genetic fingerprints of bacterial communities were examined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) based on the 16S rRNA gene, along with multi-SIR profiles of the microbial communities measured by the MicroResp method using 15 different carbon sources. Genetic fingerprinting indicated that vegetation cover had a strong effect on the composition of soil bacterial communities. Procrustean analysis showed only a weak connection between DGGE and multi-SIR profiles, probably due to the high functional redundancy of the communities. Seasonality had a significant effect on substrate usage, which can be an important factor to consider in future studies.

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