scholarly journals Game Theory Applications in Host-Microbe Interactions: Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection as an example

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Sharebiani ◽  
S Hajimiri ◽  
S Abbasnia ◽  
S Soleimanpour ◽  
H Asnaashari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
The Game Theory ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

AbstractThe game theory describes the interactions between two players and the pay-off from wining, losing or compromising. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-host interactions were used as an example for the application of the game theory to describe and predict the possibilities of victory for any players. The gene expression for eight main markers of host response and three Mtb virulence factors were assessed in broncho-alveolar lavage of TB+ and TB− patients. The game theory showed that a variety of paths exist that players can use, in response to the behaviour of the counterpart. Briefly, according to the “Nash equilibrium”, Ag85B is the main virulence factor for Mtb in active phase, however it is the most immunogenic factor if the host can respond by high expression of T-bet and iNOS. In this situation, Mtb can express high levels of ESAT-6 and CFP10 and change the game to the latency, in which host responses by medium expression of T-bet and iNOS and medium level of TGF-β and IDO. Consistently, The IDO expression was 134-times higher in TB+s than the TB−s, and the T-bet expression, ~200-times higher in the TB−s than the TB+s. Furthermore, Mtb-Ag85B had a strong positive association with CCR2, T-bet and iNOS, but had a negative correlation with IDO.

scholarly journals The Endothelin System Has a Significant Role in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

2014 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 5154-5165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre F. Correa ◽  
Alexandre M. Bailão ◽  
Izabela M. D. Bastos ◽  
Ian M. Orme ◽  
Célia M. A. Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Endothelin System ◽  
Etb Receptor ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Host Tissues

ABSTRACTTuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem, and although multiple studies have addressed the relationship betweenMycobacterium tuberculosisand the host on an immunological level, few studies have addressed the impact of host physiological responses. Proteases produced by bacteria have been associated with important alterations in the host tissues, and a limited number of these enzymes have been characterized in mycobacterial species.M. tuberculosisproduces a protease called Zmp1, which appears to be associated with virulence and has a putative action as an endothelin-converting enzyme. Endothelins are a family of vasoactive peptides, of which 3 distinct isoforms exist, and endothelin 1 (ET-1) is the most abundant and the best-characterized isoform. The aim of this work was to characterize the Zmp1 protease and evaluate its role in pathogenicity. Here, we have shown thatM. tuberculosisproduces and secretes an enzyme with ET-1 cleavage activity. These data demonstrate a possible role of Zmp1 for mycobacterium-host interactions and highlights its potential as a drug target. Moreover, the results suggest that endothelin pathways have a role in the pathogenesis ofM. tuberculosisinfections, and ETA or ETB receptor signaling can modulate the host response to the infection. We hypothesize that a balance between Zmp1 control of ET-1 levels and ETA/ETB signaling can allowM. tuberculosisadaptation and survival in the lung tissues.

THE INTESTINAL COMMENSAL, Bacteroides fragilis , MODULATES HOST RESPONSES TO VIRAL INFECTION AND THERAPY: LESSONS FOR EXPLORATION DURING Mycobacterium tuberculosis INFECTION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osagie A Eribo ◽  
Nelita du Plessis ◽  
Novel N Chegou
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Pulmonary Inflammation ◽  
Bacteroides Fragilis ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection

The gut microbiota has emerged as a critical player in host health. Bacteroides fragilis is a prominent member of the gut microbiota within the phyla Bacteroidetes. This commensal bacterium produces unique capsular polysaccharides processed by antigen-presenting cells and activates CD4 + T cells to secrete inflammatory cytokines. Indeed, due to their immunomodulatory functions, B. fragilis and its capsular polysaccharide-A (PSA) are arguably the most explored single commensal microbiota/symbiotic factor. B. fragilis / PSA has been shown to protect against colitis, encephalomyelitis, colorectal cancer, pulmonary inflammation, and asthma. Here, we review (1) recent data on the immunomodulatory role of B. fragilis /PSA during viral infections and therapy, (2) B. fragilis PSA’s dual ability to mediate pro-and anti-inflammatory processes, and the potential for exploring this unique characteristic during intracellular bacterial infections such as with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (3) discuss the protective roles of single commensal-derived probiotic species including B. fragilis in lung inflammation and respiratory infections that may provide essential cues for possible exploration of microbiota based/augmented therapies in tuberculosis (TB). Available data on the relationship between B. fragilis / PSA, the immune system, and disease suggest clinical relevance for developing B. fragilis into a next-generation probiotic or, possibly, the engineering of PSA into a potent carbohydrate-based vaccine.

scholarly journals The Importance of First Impressions: Early Events in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Influence Outcome

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony M. Cadena ◽  
JoAnne L. Flynn ◽  
Sarah M. Fortune
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Infection Disease

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis remains a major health threat in much of the world. New vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis are essential for preventing infection, disease, and transmission. However, the host immune responses that need to be induced by an effective vaccine remain unclear. Increasingly, it has become clear that early events in infection are of major importance in the eventual outcome of the infection. Studying such events in humans is challenging, as they occur within the lung and thoracic lymph nodes, and any clinical signs of early infection are relatively nonspecific. Nonetheless, clinical studies and animal models of tuberculosis have provided new insights into the local events that occur in the first few weeks of tuberculosis. Development of an effective vaccine requires a clear understanding of the successful (and detrimental) early host responses against M. tuberculosis , with the goal to improve upon natural immune responses and prevent infection or disease.

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