scholarly journals The Importance of First Impressions: Early Events in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Influence Outcome

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony M. Cadena ◽  
JoAnne L. Flynn ◽  
Sarah M. Fortune
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Infection Disease

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis remains a major health threat in much of the world. New vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis are essential for preventing infection, disease, and transmission. However, the host immune responses that need to be induced by an effective vaccine remain unclear. Increasingly, it has become clear that early events in infection are of major importance in the eventual outcome of the infection. Studying such events in humans is challenging, as they occur within the lung and thoracic lymph nodes, and any clinical signs of early infection are relatively nonspecific. Nonetheless, clinical studies and animal models of tuberculosis have provided new insights into the local events that occur in the first few weeks of tuberculosis. Development of an effective vaccine requires a clear understanding of the successful (and detrimental) early host responses against M. tuberculosis , with the goal to improve upon natural immune responses and prevent infection or disease.

scholarly journals Inflammasomes inMycobacterium tuberculosis-Driven Immunity

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Wawrocki ◽  
Magdalena Druszczynska
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Multimeric Protein

The development of effective innate and subsequent adaptive host immune responses is highly dependent on the production of proinflammatory cytokines that increase the activity of immune cells. The key role in this process is played by inflammasomes, multimeric protein complexes serving as a platform for caspase-1, an enzyme responsible for proteolytic cleavage of IL-1βand IL-18 precursors. Inflammasome activation, which triggers the multifaceted activity of these two proinflammatory cytokines, is a prerequisite for developing an efficient inflammatory response against pathogenicMycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tb). This review focuses on the role of NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasomes inM.tb-driven immunity.

scholarly journals The Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE_PGRS Protein Family Acts as an Immunological Decoy to Subvert Host Immune Response

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 525
Author(s):  
Tarina Sharma ◽  
Anwar Alam ◽  
Aquib Ehtram ◽  
Anshu Rani ◽  
Sonam Grover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Immune Effector ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Intrinsically Disordered ◽  
Multiple Strategies ◽  
Latent Stage ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Critical Edge

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is a successful pathogen that can reside within the alveolar macrophages of the host and can survive in a latent stage. The pathogen has evolved and developed multiple strategies to resist the host immune responses. M.tb escapes from host macrophage through evasion or subversion of immune effector functions. M.tb genome codes for PE/PPE/PE_PGRS proteins, which are intrinsically disordered, redundant and antigenic in nature. These proteins perform multiple functions that intensify the virulence competence of M.tb majorly by modulating immune responses, thereby affecting immune mediated clearance of the pathogen. The highly repetitive, redundant and antigenic nature of PE/PPE/PE_PGRS proteins provide a critical edge over other M.tb proteins in terms of imparting a higher level of virulence and also as a decoy molecule that masks the effect of effector molecules, thereby modulating immuno-surveillance. An understanding of how these proteins subvert the host immunological machinery may add to the current knowledge about M.tb virulence and pathogenesis. This can help in redirecting our strategies for tackling M.tb infections.

scholarly journals The impact of HIV exposure and maternal Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection on infant immune responses to bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination

AIDS ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine E. Jones ◽  
Anneke C. Hesseling ◽  
Nontobeko G. Tena-Coki ◽  
Thomas J. Scriba ◽  
Novel N. Chegou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Bacille Calmette Guerin ◽  
Hiv Exposure ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Immune Distribution and Localization of Phosphoantigen-Specific Vγ2Vδ2 T Cells in Lymphoid and Nonlymphoid Tissues in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

2007 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 426-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Huang ◽  
Yun Shen ◽  
Liyou Qiu ◽  
Crystal Y. Chen ◽  
Ling Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Γδ T Cells ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Macaque Model ◽  
Anatomical Localization ◽  
Endothelial Migration ◽  
Vγ2vδ2 T Cells

ABSTRACT Little is known about the immune distribution and localization of antigen-specific T cells in mucosal interfaces of tissues/organs during infection of humans. In this study, we made use of a macaque model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection to assess phosphoantigen-specific Vγ2Vδ2 T cells regarding their tissue distribution, anatomical localization, and correlation with the presence or absence of tuberculosis (TB) lesions in lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs/tissues in the progression of severe pulmonary TB. Progression of pulmonary M. tuberculosis infection generated diverse distribution patterns of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells, with remarkable accumulation of these cells in lungs, bronchial lymph nodes, spleens, and remote nonlymphoid organs but not in blood. Increased numbers of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells in tissues were associated with M. tuberculosis infection but were independent of the severity of TB lesions. In lungs with apparent TB lesions, Vγ2Vδ2 T cells were present within TB granulomas. In extrathoracic organs, Vγ2Vδ2 T cells were localized in the interstitial compartment of nonlymphoid tissues, and the interstitial localization was present despite the absence of detectable TB lesions. Finally, Vγ2Vδ2 T cells accumulated in tissues appeared to possess cytokine production function, since granzyme B was detectable in the γδ T cells present within granulomas. Thus, clonally expanded Vγ2Vδ2 T cells appeared to undergo trans-endothelial migration, interstitial localization, and granuloma infiltration as immune responses to M. tuberculosis infection.

scholarly journals Mycobacterium tuberculosis Eis protein initiates suppression of host immune responses by acetylation of DUSP16/MKP-7

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (20) ◽  
pp. 7729-7734 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. H. Kim ◽  
D. R. An ◽  
J. Song ◽  
J. Y. Yoon ◽  
H. S. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Immune Responses

scholarly journals Game Theory Applications in Host-Microbe Interactions: Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection as an example

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Sharebiani ◽  
S Hajimiri ◽  
S Abbasnia ◽  
S Soleimanpour ◽  
H Asnaashari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
The Game Theory ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions

AbstractThe game theory describes the interactions between two players and the pay-off from wining, losing or compromising. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-host interactions were used as an example for the application of the game theory to describe and predict the possibilities of victory for any players. The gene expression for eight main markers of host response and three Mtb virulence factors were assessed in broncho-alveolar lavage of TB+ and TB− patients. The game theory showed that a variety of paths exist that players can use, in response to the behaviour of the counterpart. Briefly, according to the “Nash equilibrium”, Ag85B is the main virulence factor for Mtb in active phase, however it is the most immunogenic factor if the host can respond by high expression of T-bet and iNOS. In this situation, Mtb can express high levels of ESAT-6 and CFP10 and change the game to the latency, in which host responses by medium expression of T-bet and iNOS and medium level of TGF-β and IDO. Consistently, The IDO expression was 134-times higher in TB+s than the TB−s, and the T-bet expression, ~200-times higher in the TB−s than the TB+s. Furthermore, Mtb-Ag85B had a strong positive association with CCR2, T-bet and iNOS, but had a negative correlation with IDO.

scholarly journals Exaggerated in vivo IL-17 responses discriminate recall responses in active TB

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Pollara ◽  
Carolin T Turner ◽  
Gillian S Tomlinson ◽  
Lucy CK Bell ◽  
Ayesha Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Th17 Cells ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 ◽  
First Time

AbstractHost immune responses at the site of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection serve to contain the pathogen, but also mediate the pathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB) and onward transmission of infection. Interferon gamma (IFNγ) responses do not discriminate between protection and pathogenicity, but IL-17A/F responses, known to drive pathology in diverse chronic inflammatory diseases, have also been associated with TB pathogenesis in animal models. At the site of in vivo immune recall responses to Mtb modelled by the tuberculin skin test, we show for the first time that active TB in humans is also associated with exaggerated IL-17A/F expression, accumulation of Th17 cells and IL-17A/F bioactivity, including increased neutrophil recruitment and matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression directly implicated in TB pathogenesis. These features discriminate recall responses in patients with active TB from those with cured or latent infection and are also evident at the site of TB disease. Our data support targeting of this pathway in host-directed therapy for TB.

scholarly journals Mycobacterium tuberculosis Co-operonic PE32/PPE65 Proteins Alter Host Immune Responses by Hampering Th1 Response

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Khubaib ◽  
Javaid A. Sheikh ◽  
Saurabh Pandey ◽  
Battu Srikanth ◽  
Manish Bhuwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Th1 Response ◽  
Host Immune Responses
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