scholarly journals Molecular surveillance of HIV, HBV, and HCV amongst blood donors in five Chinese regions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoting Lv ◽  
Mary A Rodgers ◽  
Peng Yin ◽  
Ling Ke ◽  
Ping Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Donors ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Blood Safety ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Hbsag Detection ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Escape Mutants ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
The Impact

AbstractHepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are transfusion transmissible infections (TTIs) agents that threaten the safety of the blood supply. Surveillance of the variance of those viruses is an important way to monitor their diversity and evolution to improve safety in blood transfusion. In this study, we characterized the specimens of blood donors from 13 blood centers located in 5 Chinese regions.Samples collected between 2014 and 2017 were screened with serological and molecular tests conducted on Abbott ARCHITECT and m2000 platforms. Sequencing was used to determine the classifications. The HBV immune escape mutations were also analyzed for assessing vaccine breakthrough risks and challenges for diagnostic tests. For HIV, 11 genotypes or recombinants were identified. The predominant genotype was C, which accounts for 42%. For HBV, the genotypes of B, C and D were identified, with B and C predominating. The major subgenotype was B2, comprising 84.1% of all infections. 79 out of 113 (69.9%) samples carried escape mutations in the “a” determinant region with 69 (87.3%) multiple mutants and 15 (19%) escape mutants which will affect HBsAg detection. For HCV, 7 genotypes or subtypes were identified. The major genotype was 1b (48%), followed by 6a (16.7%) and 2a & 3a (10%). This study provides the information of diversity of HBV, HCV and HIV strains circulating in blood centers from 5 regions in China. These data can also be scientific basis for development of detection assays that mitigate the impact of viral diversity on performance.ImportanceThe prevalence of TTIs in blood donations is important for evaluating blood safety and it can also reflect the burden of these disease among populations. Virus variance is threat to blood safety due to it may affect assays detection by nucleic acid, antigen and antibody-based methods in blood donors. HIV, HBV and HCV exhibit high degrees of genetic diversity, with different strains predominating in different geographic locations. The aim of this study is to assess the diversity of HBV, HCV and HIV among blood donors in China. In this study, 13 blood centers located in 5 Chinese regions were involved and the most informative phylogenetic regions of each virus had been sequenced. This will benefit for viral monitoring by subtype/genotype analyses to determine whether the distributions of variants are changing over time and geographically, and to speculate whether previously rare subtypes are becoming established in blood donors in China.

scholarly journals A Single Mutation N166D in Hemagglutinin Affects Antigenicity and Pathogenesis of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Jin ◽  
Xiaomei Dong ◽  
Zhimin Wan ◽  
Dan Ren ◽  
Min Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Escape ◽  
Mdck Cells ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Escape Mutant ◽  
Single Mutation ◽  
H9n2 Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Escape Mutants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Darby Canine Kidney

Some immune escape mutants of H9N2 virus and the corresponding mutations in hemagglutinin (HA) have been documented, but little is known about the impact of a single mutation on the antigenicity and pathogenesis of H9N2. In this study, seven critical sites in HA associated with the antigenicity were identified and the effects of a HA mutation (N166D) derived from a H9N2 escape mutant (m3F2) were investigated. Although N166D did not significantly affect viral replication in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and viral shedding in the larynx and cloaca of chicken, N166D attenuated the pathogenesis of the virus in mice. Compared to the rescued RgPR8-H9_166D, RgPR8-H9_166N caused greater body weight loss and higher viral titers in the lungs of the infected mice. Moreover, hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay for the sera from the chickens infected with wild type H9N2 and mutant m3F2 showed that N166D mutation could result in weak antibody response in chickens. Considering the field strains of H9N2 with N166D mutation are frequently isolated in the countries with H9N2 vaccination, the findings that the single mutation in HA, N166D, affected both the antigenicity and pathogenesis of H9N2 highlight the significance of surveillance on such mutation that may contribute to the failure of H9N2 vaccination in the field.

Direct oral questions to blood donors: the impact on screening for human immunodeficiency virus

Transfusion ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 769-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
ES Johnson ◽  
LS Doll ◽  
GA Satten ◽  
B Lenes ◽  
AW Shafer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals New strategies for the control of infectious and parasitic diseases in blood donors: the impact of pathogen inactivation methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Luca Galli ◽  
Fabrizio Bruschi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Donors ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Blood Components ◽  
Pathogen Inactivation ◽  
Blood Safety ◽  
New Agents ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Strategies

AbstractAround 70 infectious agents are possible threats for blood safety.The risk for blood recipients is increasing because of new emergent agents like West Nile, Zika and Chikungunya viruses, or parasites such as Plasmodium and Trypanosoma cruzi in non-endemic regions, for instance.Screening programmes of the donors are more and more implemented in several Countries, but these cannot prevent completely infections, especially when they are caused by new agents.Pathogen inactivation (PI) methods might overcome the limits of the screening and different technologies have been set up in the last years.This review aims to describe the most widely used methods focusing on their efficacy as well as on the preservation integrity of blood components.

scholarly journals Trends and epidemiological analysis of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and human T-cell lymphotropic virus among Iranian blood donors: strategies for improving blood safety

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azadeh Omidkhoda ◽  
Bahman Razi ◽  
Ali Arabkhazaeli ◽  
Sedigheh Amini Kafi-Abad
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Blood Safety ◽  
Blood Donations ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
First Time

Abstract Background Blood transfusion is associated with potential risks of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs). Different strategies are needed to monitor blood safety and screen the donors’ efficacy, such as evaluation of the prevalence and trends of TTIs. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and trends of TTIs, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV 1/2), and the impact of the donors’ characteristics such as age, sex, and donor status on the prevalence of TTIs in blood donors in seven large provinces of Iran from 2010 to 2018. Methods This study was conducted on the data collected from all blood donations in seven Iranian Blood Transfusion Centers including Ardabil, Alborz, Guilan, West Azarbaijan, North, Razavi, and South Khorasan from April 2010 to March 2018. Demographic characteristics, number of donations, donor status, and screening and confirmatory serological results of all blood donations were collected from Iranian Blood Transfusion Organizations (IBTO) national database. The prevalence and trend of HBV, HCV, HIV, and HTLV 1/2 infections were reported according to the donation year and donor’s characteristics. Results The analysis of the prevalence and trend of TTIs in 3,622,860 blood donors showed a significant decreasing trend in first-time and regular donors. Additionally, compared to first- time donors, regular donors made safer blood donations with lower risks of HBV, HIV, HCV and HTLV 1/2 (P < 0.0001). Although the prevalence of HTLV 1/2 and HBV was higher in females, TTIs had a significant decreasing trend in males and females. Finally, it was found that the prevalence of HBV and HTLV 1/2 increased with age up to 40–49 years and then decreased thereafter. Conclusions The decreasing trends of TTIs in Iranian donors during 9 years may indicate that the various strategies implemented by IBTO have been effective in recent years. Other factors such as a decrease in the prevalence of specific TTIs in the general population might have also contributed to these declines.

scholarly journals Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Escape Mutations Identified by HLA Association Favor Those Which Escape and Revert Rapidly

2012 ◽  
Vol 86 (16) ◽  
pp. 8568-8580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen R. Fryer ◽  
John Frater ◽  
Anna Duda ◽  
Duncan Palmer ◽  
Rodney E. Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocyte ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Escape Mutation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hla Association ◽  
Escape Mutants ◽  
Ctl Escape ◽  
The Impact

Identifying human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immune escape mutations has implications for understanding the impact of host immunity on pathogen evolution and guiding the choice of vaccine antigens. One means of identifying cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) escape mutations is to search for statistical associations between mutations and host human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I alleles at the population level. The impact of evolutionary rates on the strength of such associations is not well defined. Here, we address this topic using a mathematical model of within-host evolution and between-host transmission of CTL escape mutants that predicts the prevalence of escape mutants at the population level. We ask how the rates at which an escape mutation emerges in a host who bears the restricting HLA and reverts when transmitted to a host who does not bear the HLA affect the strength of an association. We consider the impact of these factors when using a standard statistical method to test for an association and when using an adaptation of that method that corrects for phylogenetic relationships. We show that with both methods, the average sample size required to identify an escape mutation is smaller if the mutation escapes and reverts quickly. Thus, escape mutations identified as HLA associated systematically favor those that escape and revert rapidly. We also present expressions that can be used to infer escape and reversion rates from cross-sectional escape prevalence data.

scholarly journals Predicting the Impact of a Nonsterilizing Vaccine against Human Immunodeficiency Virus

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (20) ◽  
pp. 11340-11351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles P. Davenport ◽  
Ruy M. Ribeiro ◽  
Dennis L. Chao ◽  
Alan S. Perelson
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Vaccine Escape Mutant ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Escape Mutants ◽  
Disease Modifying ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Studies of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines in animal models suggest that it is difficult to induce complete protection from infection (sterilizing immunity) but that it is possible to reduce the viral load and to slow or prevent disease progression following infection. We have developed an age-structured epidemiological model of the effects of a disease-modifying HIV vaccine that incorporates the intrahost dynamics of infection, a transmission rate and host mortality that depend on the viral load, the possible evolution and transmission of vaccine escape mutant viruses, a finite duration of vaccine protection, and possible changes in sexual behavior. Using this model, we investigated the long-term outcome of a disease-modifying vaccine and utilized uncertainty analysis to quantify the effects of our lack of precise knowledge of various parameters. Our results suggest that the extent of viral load reduction in vaccinated infected individuals (compared to unvaccinated individuals) is the key predictor of vaccine efficacy. Reductions in viral load of about 1 log10 copies ml−1 would be sufficient to significantly reduce HIV-associated mortality in the first 20 years after the introduction of vaccination. Changes in sexual risk behavior also had a strong impact on the epidemic outcome. The impact of vaccination is dependent on the population in which it is used, with disease-modifying vaccines predicted to have the most impact in areas of low prevalence and rapid epidemic growth. Surprisingly, the extent to which vaccination alters disease progression, the rate of generation of escape mutants, and the transmission of escape mutants are predicted to have only a weak impact on the epidemic outcome over the first 25 years after the introduction of a vaccine.

scholarly journals AB0008 THE IMPACT OF STAT4 RS7574865, IL6 RS1800795, IL6R RS2228145 AND RS4845618 ON RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS SUSCEPTIBILITY IN BELARUSIAN POPULATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1307.1-1308
Author(s):  
E. Siniauskaya ◽  
T. Kuzhir ◽  
V. Yagur ◽  
R. Goncharova
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Blood Donors ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Online Tool ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
Systemic Disorder ◽  
Autoimmune Pathogenesis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Arthritis Susceptibility

Background:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic disorder of the connective tissue of still unknown aetiology and complex autoimmune pathogenesis that primarily affects small joints. HLA alleles provide for 11-37% of the RA heritability, suggesting the substantial role of the non-HLA loci in genetic predisposition to RA. Among non-HLA loci,IL6, IL6RandSTAT4genes attract attention, however, the data concerning their influence on RA risk are somewhat contradictory.Objectives:The aim of the study was to analyze the involvement of four SNPs (STAT4rs7574865,IL6rs1800795,IL6Rrs2228145 and rs4845618) in RA susceptibility.Methods:187 patients diagnosed with RA (mean age 58.2 ± 11.9), and 380 healthy blood donors (mean age 37.18 ± 10.69 years) were included into the study. DNA extraction from peripheral blood samples was performed using the phenol-chloroform method. SNPs were genotyped using the real-time PCR with fluorescent probes. The allele and genotype frequencies were compared using the χ2 test. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using the VassarStats online tool.Results:Utilizing recessive genetic model we found an association between TT genotype ofSTAT4rs7574865 (OR = 2.362; 95%CI [1.0378 – 5.376], p = 0.038) and RA. ForIL6rs1800795, it was found that CC genotype had significantly higher frequency among patients with rheumatoid arthritis as compared to that in controls (OR = 1.52; 95%CI [1.02 – 2.27], p = 0.0456). No associations ofIL6Rrs2228145 and rs4845618 SNPs with risk of RA were found in the total group of patients vs. controls. It was also shown thatIL6rs1800795 CC genotype frequency was significantly higher among the patients with RF-negative status (p = 0.0019).Conclusion:Thus, we provide evidence for association of theSTAT4rs7574865 andIL6rs1800795 variants with risk of RA in the Belarusian population, some features of interplay being revealed between gene polymorphisms analyzed and RA antibody status. Abovementioned SNPs may contribute to RA genetic susceptibility in the Belarusian population.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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