Field and mesocosm methods to test biodegradable plastic film under marine conditions

AbstractThe pollution of the natural environment, especially the world’s oceans, with conventional plastic is of major concern. Biodegradable plastics are an emerging market bringing along potential chances and risks. The fate of these materials in the environment and their possible effects on organisms and ecosystems has rarely been studied systematically and is not well understood. For the marine environment, reliable field test methods and standards for assessing and certifying biodegradation to bridge laboratory respirometric data are lacking. In this work we present newly developed field tests to assess the performance of (biodegradable) plastics under natural marine conditions. These methods were successfully applied and validated in three coastal habitats (eulittoral, benthic and pelagic) and two climate zones (Mediterranean Sea and tropical Southeast Asia). Additionally, a stand-alone mesocosm test system which integrated all three habitats in one technical system at 400-L scale independent from running seawater is presented as a methodological bridge. Films of polyhydroxyalkanoate copolymer (PHA) and low density polyethylene (LD-PE) were used to validate the tests. While LD-PE remained intact, PHA disintegrated to a varying degree depending on the habitat and the climate zone. Together with the existing laboratory standard test methods, the field and mesocosm test systems presented in this work provide a 3-tier testing scheme for the reliable assessment of the biodegradation of (biodegradable) plastic in the marine environment. This toolset of tests can be adapted to other aquatic ecosystems.

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Perspectives on Standard Test Methods for Biodegradable Plastics

Studies in Polymer Science - Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers ◽

10.1016/b978-0-444-81708-2.50025-7 ◽

1994 ◽

pp. 250-258 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Richard P. Wool

Keyword(s):

Biodegradable Plastics ◽

Test Methods ◽

Standard Test

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Competency management of laboratory personnel using LIMS

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGIES OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION ◽

10.28999/2541-9595-2020-10-6-636-641 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 636-641

Author(s):

Konstantin S. Varaksin ◽

◽

Artem S. Makarov ◽

Alexander Y. Lyapin ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quality Management ◽

Management System ◽

Quality Management System ◽

Information Management System ◽

Test System ◽

Test Methods ◽

Laboratory Activities ◽

Resource Requirements ◽

Laboratory Workers ◽

Competence Test

The updated edition of the ISO/IEC 17025 standard introduced significant changes to the structure, terminology, resource requirements, processes, quality management system of testing and calibration laboratories. New requirements were established for the organization of laboratory activities – a process approach and risk-based thinking, which provides for a reduction in part of the prescriptive requirements and the introduction of requirements based on the analysis of the performance of actions. In accordance with GOST ISO IEC 17025-2019, the laboratory must authorize personnel to perform specific laboratory activities, as well as guarantee their competence. This article discusses the organization of the competence management system for the personnel of the laboratories of the organizations of Transneft system using the laboratory information management system (LIMS). The model of the process implementation has been described. It has been established that the competence test system allows you to regularly monitor the skills and knowledge of laboratory workers both in terms of the elements of the Quality Management System and in the applied measurement (test) methods. The personnel responsibility matrix implemented in LIMS regulates the powers and functionality of employees, ensuring that employees are allowed to perform work in accordance with their competence. The functions implemented in LIMS made it possible to automate the management of the competence of laboratory workers in accordance with the requirements of GOST ISO/IEC 17025-2019 and other regulatory documents.

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A Microtester for Measuring the Reliability of Microdevices in Controlled Environmental Conditions

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi12050585 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 585

Author(s):

Yunjia Li ◽

Weitao Dou ◽

Chenyuan Zhou ◽

Xinyi Wang ◽

Aijun Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Environmental Conditions ◽

Environmental Parameters ◽

Test System ◽

Standard Test ◽

Electrical Parameters ◽

Vibration Energy Harvester ◽

Electromagnetic Vibration ◽

Small Footprint ◽

Humidity Range ◽

Decoupling Algorithm

A miniaturized reliability test system for microdevices with controlled environmental parameters is presented. The system is capable of measuring key electrical parameters of the microdevices while controlling the environmental conditions around the microdevices. The test system is compact and thus can be integrated with standard test equipment for microdevices. By using a feed-forward decoupling algorithm, the presented test system is capable of generating a temperature range of 0–120 °C and a humidity range of 20–90% RH (0–55 °C), within a small footprint and weight. The accuracy for temperature and humidity control is ±0.1 °C and ±1% RH (30 °C), respectively. The functionality of the proposed test system is verified by integrating it with a piezo shaker to test the environmental reliability of an electromagnetic vibration energy harvester. The proposed system can be used as a proof-of-technology platform for characterizing the performance of microdevices with controlled environmental parameters.

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Comparison of Two Intergranular Corrosion Tests on EN AW-6016 Sheet Material

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11115294 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 5294

Author(s):

Peer Decker ◽

Ines Zerbin ◽

Luisa Marzoli ◽

Marcel Rosefort

Keyword(s):

Optical Microscopy ◽

Intergranular Corrosion ◽

Sheet Material ◽

Test Methods ◽

Standard Test ◽

Corrosion Depth ◽

Corrosion Tests ◽

Automotive Company ◽

Test Parameters

Two different intergranular corrosion tests were performed on EN AW-6016 sheet material, an ISO 11846:1995-based test with varying solution amounts and acid concentrations, and a standard test of an automotive company (PV1113, VW-Audi). The average intergranular corrosion depth was determined via optical microscopy. The differences in the intergranular corrosion depths were then discussed with regard to the applicability and quality of the two different test methods. The influence of varying test parameters for ISO 11846:1995 was discussed as well. The determined IGC depths were found to be strongly dependent on the testing parameters, which will therefore have a pronounced influence on the determined IGC susceptibility of a material. In general, ISO 11846:1995 tests resulted in a significantly lower corrosion speed, and the corrosive attack was found to be primarily along grain boundaries.

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Determining Elastic-Plastic Properties of Al6061-T6 from Micro-Indentation Technique

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.592-593.610 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 592-593 ◽

pp. 610-613

Author(s):

Sina Amiri ◽

Nora Lecis ◽

Andrea Manes ◽

Davide Mombelli ◽

Marco Giglio

Keyword(s):

Manufacturing Process ◽

Optimization Procedure ◽

Test System ◽

Standard Test ◽

Material Behavior ◽

Plastic Properties ◽

Representative Strain ◽

Elastic Plastic ◽

Dimensionless Analysis ◽

Micro Indentation

Different approaches have been proposed in order to determine the material behavior of ductile materials. Since, the mechanical properties of a mechanical component are modified during manufacturing process due to plastic deformation, heat treatment and etc, a non-destructive indentation experimental procedure addressed to predict the elastic-plastic properties of material after manufacturing process is of interest. This is especially true for small size components where it is complex to extract specimens to test on standard test system. Based on dimensionless analysis and the concept of a representative strain, different approaches have been proposed to determine the material properties of power law materials by using indentation process. In this work, the Johnson-Cook (JC) constitutive model of the aluminum alloy Al6061-T6 is characterized by means of a well-defined optimization procedure based on micro-indentation testing and high fidelity finite element models and an optimization procedure but without the concept of dimensionless analysis and a representative strain. This methodology allows determining a set of JC constants for Al6061-T6. The obtained results have good agreement with parameters calibrated by means of universal standard tests and reverse engineering approach.

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Design of the IDCTMV Human-Machine Ergonomics Test System

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.900 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 599-601 ◽

pp. 900-903

Author(s):

Quan Wang ◽

Wei Ping Liu ◽

Yi Jin ◽

Bin He Fu

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Subjective Evaluation ◽

Test System ◽

Test Methods ◽

Operation Performance ◽

Operation Procedure ◽

Simulated Test ◽

Control Terminal ◽

And Control ◽

Integrated Display

This paper presented the scenario of the IDCTMV Human-Machine Ergonomics test system with the programming idea of the modularization. Based on LabVIEW, the IDCTMV simulated test software and subjective evaluation software were designed and developed. The subjective evaluation results and operation performance data including the reaction time of crews, the rate of errors, and the rate of over reports were tested by the simulation of the integrated display and control terminal for the typical operation procedure, which solved the problems of lacking test methods for the study of the IDCTMV Human-Machine Ergonomics.

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Serviceability Assessment of a Printed Finish on T-Shirts

AATCC Journal of Research ◽

10.14504/ajr.8.2.6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 48-53

Author(s):

Reannan Riedy ◽

Meredith McQuerry

Keyword(s):

Abrasion Resistance ◽

Dimensional Change ◽

Test Methods ◽

Standard Test ◽

Performance Expectations ◽

Agricultural Worker ◽

Soil Release ◽

And Performance ◽

Typical Consumer ◽

Change Material

To improve the comfort of agricultural workers, a T-shirt with a printed active cooling finish was evaluated to determine if it would meet the wash life durability and performance expectations of such an arduous application. Six shirts with a printed phase change material (PCM) finish and six shirts without (control) were washed 50 times to replicate a typical consumer wash life. Shirts were evaluated for absorbency, dimensional change, colorfastness, crocking, abrasion resistance, soil release, and smoothness retention according to AATCC and ASTM standard test methods. Testing was conducted before laundering and after 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 consumer laundry (CL) cycles. Absorbency and dimensional change were significantly influenced by the PCM finish. Results demonstrate the appropriateness of adopting such a finish technology for agricultural worker clothing applications.

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