scholarly journals Epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the Philippines

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark M. Alipio ◽  
Joseph Dave M. Pregoner
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Metro Manila ◽  
Infectivity Rate ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Infection Control Guidelines ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

AbstractThe outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-2019) is a source of great concern in the Philippines. In this paper, we described the epidemiological characteristics of the laboratory-confirmed patients with Covid-2019 in the Philippines as of April 3, 2020 and provided recommendations on how to limit the spread of the disease. Data from the DOH NCOV tracker and University of the Philippines’ Covid-2019 tracker were extracted, from its initiation (January 30, 2020) until the most recent situation report (April 3, 2020). The total number of cases and deaths were stratified by sex, age, and region of the Philippines. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the demographic profile of the confirmed cases. Case fatality rate, in percent, was calculated by dividing the total number of deaths to the total number of confirmed cases. Results revealed that a total of 3,018 cases of Covid-2019 spread were confirmed across 17 regions in the Philippines. These cases occurred over the course of 73 days through person-to-person transmission, highlighting an extremely high infectivity rate. The 144 deaths accounted for, equate to 4.51 case fatality rate, seemingly lower compared to its predecessors, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), but higher compared to that of United States of America, Germany, mainland China, and neighboring Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, and Thailand. Of the 3,018 confirmed cases, majority were male, elderly, and diagnosed in Metro Manila region. Case fatality rates were higher in male and highest among elderly and Filipinos in the Ilocos region. With the surge on the number of cases, precautionary measures should remain a responsibility, and protocols for prevention need to be set. Adherence to infection control guidelines such as but not limited to frequently handwashing for at least 20 seconds, observing coughing etiquette, wearing of masks, and social distancing should be maintained in order to contain the disease.

scholarly journals An Evidence Base for School Health Policy during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saif Badran ◽  
Omran Musa ◽  
Somaya Al-maadeed ◽  
Egon Toft ◽  
Suhail Doi
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
School Health ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Objective: Children represent a small fraction of confirmed COVID-19 cases, with a low case fatality rate (CFR). In this paper, we lay out an evidence-based policy for reopening schools. Methods: We gathered age-specific COVID-19 case counts and identified mortality data for 14 countries. Dose-response meta-analysis was used to examine the relationship of the incremental case fatality rate (CFR) to age. In addition, an evidence-to-decision framework (EtD) was used to correlate the dose-response data with other epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in childhood. Results: In the dose-response analysis, we found that there was an almost negligible fatality below age 18. CFR rose little between ages 5 to 50 years. The confidence intervals were narrow, suggesting relative homogeneity across countries. Further data suggested decreased childhood transmission from respiratory droplets and a low viral load among children. Conclusions: Opening up schools and kindergartens is unlikely to impact COVID-19 case or mortality rates in both the child and adult populations. We outline a robust plan for schools that recommends that general principles not be micromanaged, with authority left to schools and monitored by public health authorities.

scholarly journals Early estimation of the case fatality rate of COVID-19 in mainland China: a data-driven analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 128-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Yang ◽  
◽  
Peihua Cao ◽  
Peipei Du ◽  
Ziting Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Fatality Rate

scholarly journals An Assessment of the Philippine Hospital Resources as Predictors of the Case Fatality Rate of COVID – 19

2022 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-130
Author(s):  
Paul Benjamin Barrion ◽  
Ray Patrick Basco ◽  
Kevin jamir Pigao
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Hospital Resources

In the heightened effects of the pandemic, health resources have been in constant limbo as supplies and availability of hospital resources take a toll as COVID-19 cases surge, resulting in shortages. Thus, health systems are overwhelmed, resulting in a higher fatality rate since the capacity to provide medical attention is diminished. In this paper, hospital resources refer to mechanical ventilators, ICU, isolation, and ward beds which are the critical factors of the case fatality rate (CFR) of COVID-19 in the Philippines. Data were retrieved from the Department of Health (DOH) Case Bulletins from October 26, 2020, to June 30, 2021, with 248 total observations. This research used the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Multiple Regression to determine if hospital resources are the predictors of the case fatality rate of COVID-19. Furthermore, the results show a significant relationship between the hospital resources and the case fatality rate of COVID-19 in the Philippines. This study can become a framework for further research concerned about hospital resources as the predictors of case fatality rates of different diseases in a pandemic.  

Fifty years of imported Lassa fever: a systematic review of primary and secondary cases

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Wolf ◽  
Regina Ellwanger ◽  
Udo Goetsch ◽  
Nils Wetzstein ◽  
Rene Gottschalk
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Lassa Fever ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Rationale for Systematic Review Lassa fever is the most common cause of imported haemorrhagic fevers cases in non-endemic countries. As a disease with a high case fatality rate that has regularly caused clusters of nosocomial transmission in endemic areas, prompt diagnosis is vital. We conducted a systematic review of imported cases of the last 50 years with the aim of defining the clinical and epidemiological characteristics that will enhance early diagnosis, prompt initiation of treatment and an appropriate public health response to Lassa fever cases. Methods We performed a retrospective, systematic review of 36 primary and two secondary cases of Lassa fever in non-endemic countries outside West Africa by searching the PubMed database. This yielded 56 relevant publications that were included in our analysis. Results The case fatality rate of 35.1% for imported cases was higher than that reported for endemic countries. The majority of patients showed clinical features consistent with Lassa fever and had a typical exposure. There was a considerable delay in diagnosis in imported cases with high associated numbers of contacts. Ribavirin was rarely used for post-exposure prophylaxis. Only two secondary transmissions occurred. Thirty-one percent of patients received Lassa fever-specific treatment and five required intensive care. Conclusions Although importation of Lassa fever to non-endemic countries is a rare event, it has repeatedly happened over five decades. Suspicion of Lassa fever should be based on careful consideration of clinical features and exposure history in order to assist early diagnosis in returning travellers from West Africa.

scholarly journals 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) in Panama: a disease affecting children with a benign course

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (09) ◽  
pp. 664-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Nieto- Guevara ◽  
Nestor Sosa ◽  
Mariana Garcia ◽  
Alex Martinez ◽  
Marlene Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Pandemic Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Introduction: Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) was identified as the major febrile respiratory illness worldwide during the year 2009.  We present a report of its clinical and epidemiological characteristics in children and adults in Panama.  Methodology: A descriptive study from the database of the Gorgas Memorial Institute is presented.   We included patients with severe acute respiratory infection in whom a nasopharyngeal swab was positive by real-time RT-PCR for 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) pandemic virus and negative for seasonal influenza A H1 and H3. Results: From 26 April 2009 to 11 January 2010, confirmed cases of pandemic 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) reached 806. The overall incident rate was 23.35 cases of pandemic influenza per 100,000 habitants, with the highest incidence found in the age group between 10 to 14 years of age (58.67 cases per 100,000 habitants).  The median age for the cases was 13 years (ages ranging from one day to 88 years) and 71% were from the Panama City Metropolitan Area.  The male/female ratio was 1:1 and 90% were managed as out-patients.   An influenza-like syndrome was the presenting diagnosis in 99% of the cases.  Fever and cough were the most frequent symptoms reported in all age groups. The case fatality rate was 0.3 cases per 100,000 habitants. Conclusion: The 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) outbreak affected mainly the pediatric population, had a low case fatality rate, and was the predominant virus circulating in Panama during the 2009/2010 flu season

scholarly journals Epidemiological characteristics of Brazilian spotted fever in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 2000-2008

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1969-1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederico Figueiredo Amâncio ◽  
Vânia Dutra Amorim ◽  
Talita Leal Chamone ◽  
Mariana Gontijo de Brito ◽  
Simone Berger Calic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Spotted Fever ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Brazilian Spotted Fever ◽  
Belo Horizonte ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Brazilian spotted fever is the most common rickettsiosis in Brazil, most prevalent in the States of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological characteristics of Brazilian spotted fever in Minas Gerais from 2000 to 2008. Of the 132 cases of Brazilian spotted fever, 53 patients died, representing a case-fatality rate of 40.2%. Males predominated, with 78.8% of confirmed cases, and median age was 26.5 years. Absence of rash was associated with increased risk of death (p = 0.005). Greater Metropolitan Belo Horizonte, Rio Doce Valley, and Zona da Mata accounted for 70.6% of the cases, which occurred mainly from May to November. There was an increase in the number of cases, which could suggest an expansion of the disease, but probably resulted from an increase in the health system's diagnostic capacity and sensitivity. Despite this improvement, the case-fatality rate remains high and with no apparent tendency to decrease, thus indicating the need for improved prevention and patient care.

scholarly journals Covid-19 pattern in cancer patients-an experience from a tertiary care center of western UP

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 074-081
Author(s):  
Surabhi Gupta ◽  
Tejashwita Singh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Disease Course ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Male Predominance ◽  
Infectivity Rate

Many researches are published and still going on for the effects of comorbidities on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but large studies on cancer as a risk factor and severity of covid-19 in cancer patients are still lacking. The aim of this study was to see the prevalence of covid- 19 in cancer patients and to observe the pattern of disease course in cancer patients undergoing active treatment. In this study, 50 patients of covid-19 RTPCR confirmed cancer patients were enrolled who visited the department from 1may to September 2020 and were retrospectively analyzed for their disease course. Infectivity rate of 5% was observed while case fatality rate was 12%. Mean age of presentation was 42.9yr with male predominance. Head and neck carcinoma patients were more prone to covid-19.20% patients were symptomatic, who required admission in covid ward. Infectivity rate as well as case fatality rate was higher in cancer patients, especially those taking active cancer treatment and were having other comorbid conditions also. Cancer treatment makes a risk factor for covid-19 infection. Mortality is more in cases having associated comorbidities. Though more prospective randomized trials are needed for any statistical analysis.

Clinical and Epidemiological Features of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vali Baigi ◽  
Saharnaz Nedjat ◽  
Masud Yunesian ◽  
Ali Akbari Sari ◽  
Mahboobeh Mirzaee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Past History ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Hospital Death ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
History Of ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Introduction: Since the start of COVID-19 pandemic in December 2019, until mid-April 2020 the total number of cases worldwide exceeded two millions and the death toll exceeded 130000 cases. Objective: The current study conducted to explore the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 patients, fatality of this disease and its mortality risk factors in major hospitals affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS). Methods: The data were collected in four major teaching hospitals affiliated with TUMS for all the patients that were admitted between Feb 19th and Apr 15th 2020 and were diagnosed as COVID-19 using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), clinical diagnosis and/or lung computed tomography (CT) scan. The case fatality rate of the disease was estimated by age, sex, symptoms, comorbidities, and type of diagnosis. Logistic regression model was used to examine the associations between different factors and in-hospital deaths. Results: By Apr 15th 2020, a total of 4377 patients were admitted with COVID-19 diagnosis in four selected hospitals and 496 (11.3%) of these patients died in hospital. The case fatality rate of this disease was 28.8% in the ≥80-year age group, which was the highest compared to the other age groups. The case fatality rates were 12.5% and 9.8% among men and women, respectively. The results of multiple logistic regression on the outcome of death indicated that age, sex, cough, myalgia, reduced consciousness at arrival and past history of cancer were significantly associated with in-hospital death. Adjusting the effect of other variables, for each 10-year increase in age, the odds of death due to COVID-19 was 1.61 times greater (adjusted OR 1.61, 95% CI: 1.51 to 1.72, p<0.001). Conclusions: Older age, the male gender, past history of comorbidities (particularly cancer) and reduced consciousness at arrival are among the factors that can significantly increase the odds of in-hospital death in COVID 19 patients. These factors might be helpful in detecting and managing patients with poorer prognosis.

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