scholarly journals Mapping the genetic and environmental aetiology of autistic traits in Sweden and the United Kingdom

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe E. Reed ◽  
Henrik Larsson ◽  
Claire M.A. Haworth ◽  
Dheeraj Rai ◽  
Sebastian Lundström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Environmental Influences ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Spatial Approach ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
The Uk

AbstractBackgroundAutistic traits are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, and are known to vary geographically in prevalence. But to what extent does their aetiology also vary from place to place?MethodsWe applied a novel spatial approach to data on autistic traits from two large twin studies, the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS; N=16,677, including 8,307 twin pairs) and the Twins Early Development Study in the UK (TEDS; N=11,594, including 5,796 twin pairs), to explore how the influence of nature and nurture on autistic traits varies from place to place.ResultsWe present maps of gene- and environment- by geography interactions in Sweden and the United Kingdom (UK). Our results suggest that there is higher heritability and lower non-shared environmental influences on autistic traits in more densely populated areas. For example, we observe greater heritability in the more populated and urban areas in southern Sweden and near the main cities in the UK. Non-shared environmental influences are less consistent across the two countries and although these influences tend to be higher in more rural areas, there are also areas of greater influence around cities.ConclusionsWe hope this systematic approach to aetiological interactions will inspire research to identify previously unknown environmental influences on the aetiology of autistic traits. By doing so, we can gain greater understanding of how these environments draw out or mask genetic predisposition and other environmental influences and could lead to health and social policy innovations to support those with ASD and autistic traits.

Why should broadband be free? Promises and rhetoric in the United Kingdom general election of 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (5/6) ◽  
pp. 413-435
Author(s):  
Ewan Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
General Election ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
Party Manifestos ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Dominant Parties ◽  
The Uk

Purpose This paper aims to analyse the promises of the various political party in the 2019 general election in the United Kingdom (UK) concerning the provision of broadband, especially in remote and rural areas. Design/methodology/approach This is an analysis of the party manifestos, some interviews and speeches involving party leaders. It identified the various commitments, any costs for those and the reasoning given. Findings The UK lags badly on fibre to the premises, both homes and offices. Without analysing the reasons, the two dominant parties proposed to borrow large amounts of money to fund fibre deployment, the Conservative Party without explaining how it would be disbursed. The Labour Party produced a confused proposal to nationalise BT Openreach and probably other operators, without explaining how this transition would work. Nor did they explain why the service was to be free to users. Practical implications The UK political parties need to improve their understanding of broadband and digital policies, including means to simplify the governance of markets. Originality/value This is the first analysis of the broadband commitments of a UK general election and one of the very few analyses of political offers in an election.

Car Ownership Dynamics Seen Through the Follow-Up of Cohorts: Comparison of France and the United Kingdom

2000 ◽  
Vol 1733 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce M. Dargay ◽  
Jean-Loup Madre ◽  
Akli Berri
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Car Ownership ◽  
Gasoline Prices ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Demographic Approach ◽  
Econometric Approach

The dynamics of car ownership based on age-cohort data constructed from repeated cross-section surveys is investigated for France and the United Kingdom, both nationally and for different geographic areas. Two different modeling strategies are used: a demographic approach and a dynamic econometric approach. The demographic approach is primarily oriented toward long-term forecasting. It takes into account changes in car ownership over the life cycle for each generation, differences between generations, and period effects explained by income and prices. The dynamic econometric approach is mainly concerned with estimating the elasticity of car ownership with respect to income and prices in the short and long run. It is based on a dynamic model in which household car ownership is specified as a function of income, prices, sociodemographic factors, and previous car ownership. The results using the two approaches are quite similar. The income elasticity is significantly higher in the United Kingdom than in France, is higher in rural than in urban areas, and decreases over time as car ownership increases. Generation gaps, which have been important between older generations, are not significant for households whose head was born after the 1940s, which implies that the diffusion of car ownership over generations is nearing completion. In addition, a declining income elasticity confirms a progressive evolution toward saturation. Finally, car ownership is considerably more sensitive to car purchase prices than to gasoline prices and both appear to be more significant in densely populated zones than in rural areas.

scholarly journals Pandemic buying: Testing a psychological model of over-purchasing and panic buying using data from the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0246339
Author(s):  
Richard P. Bentall ◽  
Alex Lloyd ◽  
Kate Bennett ◽  
Ryan McKay ◽  
Liam Mason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Psychological Model ◽  
Republic Of Ireland ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Uk

The over-purchasing and hoarding of necessities is a common response to crises, especially in developed economies where there is normally an expectation of plentiful supply. This behaviour was observed internationally during the early stages of the Covid-19 pandemic. In the absence of actual scarcity, this behaviour can be described as ‘panic buying’ and can lead to temporary shortages. However, there have been few psychological studies of this phenomenon. Here we propose a psychological model of over-purchasing informed by animal foraging theory and make predictions about variables that predict over-purchasing by either exacerbating or mitigating the anticipation of future scarcity. These variables include additional scarcity cues (e.g. loss of income), distress (e.g. depression), psychological factors that draw attention to these cues (e.g. neuroticism) or to reassuring messages (eg. analytical reasoning) or which facilitate over-purchasing (e.g. income). We tested our model in parallel nationally representative internet surveys of the adult general population conducted in the United Kingdom (UK: N = 2025) and the Republic of Ireland (RoI: N = 1041) 52 and 31 days after the first confirmed cases of COVID-19 were detected in the UK and RoI, respectively. About three quarters of participants reported minimal over-purchasing. There was more over-purchasing in RoI vs UK and in urban vs rural areas. When over-purchasing occurred, in both countries it was observed across a wide range of product categories and was accounted for by a single latent factor. It was positively predicted by household income, the presence of children at home, psychological distress (depression, death anxiety), threat sensitivity (right wing authoritarianism) and mistrust of others (paranoia). Analytic reasoning ability had an inhibitory effect. Predictor variables accounted for 36% and 34% of the variance in over-purchasing in the UK and RoI respectively. With some caveats, the data supported our model and points to strategies to mitigate over-purchasing in future crises.

Is it Easier to Escape from Low Pay in Urban Areas? Evidence from the United Kingdom

2006 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Euan Phimister ◽  
Ioannis Theodossiou ◽  
Richard Upward
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Paid Employment ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Low Pay

In this paper we compare periods of low-paid employment between urban and rural areas in the United Kingdom. Using the British household panel survey, we estimate the probability that a period of low-paid employment will end, followed by a number of possible outcomes, namely a higher-paid job, self-employment, unemployment, and leaving the labour force. The results show that there are statistically significant differences in the dynamics of low pay across urban and rural labour markets, particularly in terms of exits to higher pay and out of the labour force. After controlling for different personal and job characteristics across markets, urban low-pay durations are somewhat shorter on average, with a higher probability of movement to a higher-paid job. The results suggest that any urban–rural differences in the typical low-pay experience are concentrated among certain types of individuals, such as young workers and women without qualifications.

scholarly journals Selective migration and urban–rural differences in subjective well-being: Evidence from the United Kingdom

Urban Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 004209802110230
Author(s):  
Marloes Hoogerbrugge ◽  
Martijn Burger
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Selective Migration ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Urban Rural

Although more and more people choose to live in (large) cities, people in the Western world generally report lower levels of subjective well-being in urban areas than in rural areas. This article examines whether these urban–rural differences in subjective well-being are (partly) driven by selective migration patterns. To this end, we utilise residential mobility data from the United Kingdom based on 12 waves of the British Household Panel Survey. We explore urban–rural differences in life satisfaction as well as changes in life satisfaction of people moving from rural areas to urban areas (or vice versa), hereby paying specific attention to selection and composition effects. The results show that selective migration can, at least partly, explain the urban–rural subjective well-being differential through the selection of less satisfied people in cities and more satisfied people in the countryside. While the average life satisfaction of urban–rural migrants is higher compared to the life satisfaction of rural–urban migrants, we do not find – on average – long-lasting life satisfaction effects of migration. At the same time, there are differences between sociodemographic groups in that we find that a move from the countryside to the city is positively associated with the life satisfaction of students while it is negatively associated with the life satisfaction of people with a non-tertiary education.

TBE in United Kingdom

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Clinical Disease ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Probable Case ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
South West ◽  
Louping Ill ◽  
The Uk ◽  
North And South ◽  
South West England

Until 2019, TBE was considered only to be an imported disease to the United Kingdom. In that year, evidence became available that the TBEV is likely circulating in the country1,2 and a first “probable case” of TBE originating in the UK was reported.3 In addition to TBEV, louping ill virus (LIV), a member of the TBEV-serocomplex, is also endemic in parts of the UK. Reports of clinical disease caused by LIV in livestock are mainly from Scotland, parts of North and South West England and Wales.4

Risk Transferin Public Private Partnership/Private Finance Initiative Procurement Documents:The Differencebetween The United Kingdom and Malaysia

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Nooriha Abdullah ◽  
Darinka Asenova ◽  
Stephen J. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
Private Finance Initiative ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
Risk Transfer ◽  
Private Finance ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk

The aim of this paper is to analyse the risk transfer issue in Public Private Partnership/Private Finance Initiative (PPP/PFI) procurement documents in the United Kingdom (UK) and Malaysia. It utilises qualitative research methods using documentation and interviews for data collection. The UK documents (guidelines and contracts) identify the risks related to this form of public procurement of services and makeexplicittheappropriateallocation of those risks between the public and the private sector PPP/PFI partners and so the types of risks each party should bear. However, in Malaysia, such allocation of risks was not mentioned in PPP/PFI guidelines. Hence, a question arises regarding whether risk transfer exists in Malaysian PPP/PFI projects, whether in contracts or by other means. This research question is the rationale for the comparative analysis ofdocumentsand practicesrelatingtorisk transfer in the PPP/PFI procurements in both countries. The results clarify risk-related issues that arise in implementing PPP/PFI procurement in Malaysia, in particular how risk is conceptualised, recognised and allocated (whether explicitly or implicitly), whether or not that allocation is intended to achieve optimum risk transfer, and so the implications forachievement ofvalue for moneyor other such objectivesinPPP/PFI.

HIV and other STIs in the United Kingdom: further increases

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (48) ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Health Protection Agency ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Living With Hiv

The Health Protection Agency Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre for England and Wales and others have reported that the number of people living with HIV in the UK has increased

Research Applications

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 709-715
Author(s):  
M. J. Rouse
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Water Utilities ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Contract Research ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The Uk

This paper covers the approach taken by WRc to the practical application of research results. WRc works on an annual programme of research paid for collectively by the UK water utilities totalling ₤15m. In addition contract research is carried out for government largely on environmental matters and for utilities and others on a confidential basis. The approach to the implementation described here deals with the application of results across the whole of the United Kingdom where there are a large number of users of the results but with varying degrees of interest in any particular topic. The requirement is to inform all of the outcome of the work and then to provide the facility of rapid implementation for those who have an immediate requirement to apply the new knowledge and technology.

Volunteering in hospice and palliative care in the United Kingdom

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ros Scott
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Care Services ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Strategic Direction ◽  
Palliative Care Services ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Hospice And Palliative Care ◽  
Changing Role

This chapter explores the history of volunteers in the founding and development of United Kingdom (UK) hospice services. It considers the changing role and influences of volunteering on services at different stages of development. Evidence suggests that voluntary sector hospice and palliative care services are dependent on volunteers for the range and quality of services delivered. Within such services, volunteer trustees carry significant responsibility for the strategic direction of the organiszation. Others are engaged in diverse roles ranging from the direct support of patient and families to public education and fundraising. The scope of these different roles is explored before considering the range of management models and approaches to training. This chapter also considers the direct and indirect impact on volunteering of changing palliative care, societal, political, and legislative contexts. It concludes by exploring how and why the sector is changing in the UK and considering the growing autonomy of volunteers within the sector.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document