scholarly journals CAN-NPI: A Curated Open Dataset of Canadian Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions in Response to the Global COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liam G. McCoy ◽  
Jonathan Smith ◽  
Kavya Anchuri ◽  
Isha Berry ◽  
Joanna Pineda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
Natural Experiments ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Initial Dataset ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractNon-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been the primary tool used by governments and organizations to mitigate the spread of the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19. Natural experiments are currently being conducted on the impact of these interventions, but most of these occur at the subnational level - data not available in early global datasets. We describe the rapid development of the first comprehensive, labelled dataset of 1640 NPIs implemented at federal, provincial/territorial and municipal levels in Canada to guide COVID-19 research. For each intervention, we provide: a) information on timing to aid in longitudinal evaluation, b) location to allow for robust spatial analyses, and c) classification based on intervention type and target population, including classification aligned with a previously developed measure of government response stringency. This initial dataset release (v1.0) spans January 1st, and March 31st, 2020; bi-weekly data updates to continue for the duration of the pandemic. This novel dataset enables robust, inter-jurisdictional comparisons of pandemic response, can serve as a model for other jurisdictions and can be linked with other information about case counts, transmission dynamics, health care utilization, mobility data and economic indicators to derive important insights regarding NPI impact.

scholarly journals Face Masks, Public Policies and Slowing the Spread of COVID-19: Evidence from Canada

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Karaivanov ◽  
Shih En Lu ◽  
Hitoshi Shigeoka ◽  
Cong Chen ◽  
Stephanie Pamplona
Keyword(s):  
Face Mask ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Policy Simulations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Health Districts

AbstractWe estimate the impact of mask mandates and other non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) on COVID-19 case growth in Canada, including regulations on businesses and gatherings, school closures, travel and self-isolation, and long-term care homes. We partially account for behavioural responses using Google mobility data. Our identification strategy exploits variation in the timing of indoor face mask mandates staggered over two months in the 34 public health districts in Ontario, Canada’s most populous province. We find that mask mandates are associated with a 25 percent or larger weekly reduction in new COVID-19 cases in July and August, relative to the trend in absence of mask mandate. Additional analysis with province-level data provides corroborating evidence. Counterfactual policy simulations suggest that mandating indoor masks nationwide in early July could have reduced the number of new cases in Canada by 25 to 40 percent in mid-August, which corresponds to 700 to 1,100 fewer cases per week.JEL codesI18, I12, C23

scholarly journals Socio-economic indicators correlate with daily mobility during the second-wave of the Covid-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jed Long ◽  
Chang Ren
Keyword(s):  
Positive Association ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Individual Mobility ◽  
Mobility Behaviour ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions ◽  
Over Time

Non-pharmaceutical interventions are being used globally to limit the spread of Covid-19, which are in turn affecting individual mobility patterns. Mobility measures were found to be strongly associated with regional socio-economic indicators during the first wave of the pandemic. Here, we use network mobility data from an ~3.5 million person sample of individuals in Ontario, Canada to study the association between three different individual-mobility measures and four socio-economic indicators throughout the first and second wave of Covid-19 (January to December 2020). We demonstrate that understanding how mobility behaviours have changed in response to Covid-19 varies considerably depending on how mobility is measured. We find a strong positive association between different mobility levels and the economic deprivation index, which demonstrates that inequities in the changes to mobility across economic gradients observed during the initial lockdown have persisted into the later stages of the pandemic. However, the associations between mobility and other socio-economic indicators vary over time. We capture a strong day-of-week pattern of association between socio-economic indicators and mobility levels. Our findings have important implications for understanding if and how mobility data should be used to study the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the socio-economic conditions across geographical space, and over time. Our results support that Covid-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions have resulted in geographically disparate responses to mobility behaviour, and quantifying mobility changes at fine geographical scales is crucial to understanding the impacts of Covid-19 on local populations.

scholarly journals Face Masks, Public Policies and Slowing the Spread of COVID-19: Evidence from Canada

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Karaivanov ◽  
Shih En Lu ◽  
Hitoshi Shigeoka ◽  
Cong Chen ◽  
Stephanie Pamplona
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Policy Simulations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Province Level ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Abstract We estimate the impact of indoor face mask mandates and other non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) on COVID-19 case growth in Canada. Mask mandate introduction was staggered over two months in the 34 public health regions in Ontario, Canada. Using this variation, we find that mask mandates are associated with a 25 percent or larger weekly reduction in new COVID-19 cases in July and August, relative to the trend in absence of mandate. Province-level data provide corroborating evidence. We control for factors such as mobility (using Google geo-location data) and past cases. Our analysis of additional survey data shows that mask mandates led to an increase of about 30 percentage points in self-reported mask wearing in public. Counterfactual policy simulations suggest that mandating indoor masks nationwide in early July could have reduced new COVID-19 cases in Canada by 25 to 40 percent in mid-August (700 to 1,100 fewer cases per week).

scholarly journals Estimating COVID-19 cases and deaths prevented by non-pharmaceutical interventions in 2020-2021, and the impact of individual actions: a retrospective model-based analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathyrn R Fair ◽  
Vadim A Karatayev ◽  
Madhur Anand ◽  
Chris T Bauch
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
School Workplace ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions ◽  
Model Based Analysis

AbstractSimulation models from the early COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the urgency of applying non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), but had limited empirical data. Here we use data from 2020-2021 to retrospectively model the impact of NPIs. Our model represents age groups and census divisions in Ontario, Canada, and is parameterised with epidemiological, testing, demographic, travel, and mobility data. The model captures how individuals adopt NPIs in response to reported cases. Combined school/workplace closure and individual NPI adoption reduced the number of deaths in the best-case scenario for the case fatality rate (CFR) from 174, 411 [CI: 168, 022, 180, 644] to 3, 383 [CI: 3, 295, 3, 483] in the Spring 2020 wave. In the Fall 2020/Winter 2021 wave, the introduction of NPIs in workplaces/schools reduced the number of deaths from 17, 291 [CI: 16, 268, 18, 379] to 4, 167 [CI: 4, 117, 4, 217]. Deaths were several times higher in the worst-case CFR scenario. Each additional 7 − 11 (resp. 285 − 452) individuals who adopted NPIs in the first wave prevented one additional infection (resp., death). Our results show that the adoption of NPIs prevented a public health catastrophe.

scholarly journals Prioritising COVID-19 vaccination in changing social and epidemiological landscapes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Jentsch ◽  
Madhur Anand ◽  
Chris T Bauch
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Vulnerable Group ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Time Sensitivity ◽  
Vaccine Availability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

During the COVID-19 pandemic, authorities must decide which groups to prioritise for vaccination. These decision will occur in a constantly shifting social-epidemiological landscape where the success of large-scale non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) like physical distancing requires broad population acceptance. We developed a coupled social-epidemiological model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Schools and workplaces are closed and re-opened based on reported cases. We used evolutionary game theory and mobility data to model individual adherence to NPIs. We explored the impact of vaccinating 60+ year-olds first; <20 year-olds first; uniformly by age; and a novel contact-based strategy. The last three strategies interrupt transmission while the first targets a vulnerable group. Vaccination rates ranged from 0.5% to 4.5% of the population per week, beginning in January or July 2021. Case notifications, NPI adherence, and lockdown periods undergo successive waves during the simulated pandemic. Vaccination reduces median deaths by 32%-77% (22%-63%) for January (July) availability, depending on the scenario. Vaccinating 60+ year-olds first prevents more deaths (up to 8% more) than transmission-interrupting strategies for January vaccine availability across most parameter regimes. In contrast, transmission-interrupting strategies prevent up to 33% more deaths than vaccinating 60+ year-olds first for July availability, due to higher levels of natural immunity by that time. Sensitivity analysis supports the findings. Further research is urgently needed to determine which populations can benefit from using SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to interrupt transmission.

scholarly journals Impacts of Regional Lockdown Policies on COVID-19 Transmission in India in 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aarushi Kalra ◽  
Paul Novosad
Keyword(s):  
District Level ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Mass Gatherings ◽  
News Reports ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Regression Approach ◽  
Effect Regression ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Death Count ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Objective: To assess the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on the first wave of COVID transmission and fatalities in India. Methods: We collected data on NPIs, using government notifications and news reports, in six major Indian states from March to August 2020, and we matched these with district-level data on COVID related deaths and Google Mobility reports. We used a district fixed effect regression approach to measure the extent to which district-level lockdowns and mobility restrictions helped reduce deaths in 2020. Results: In most states, COVID deaths grew most rapidly only after the initial lockdown was lifted. District-level NPIs were associated with a statistically significantly lower COVID death count in three out of five sample states (district analysis was not possible in Delhi) and in the aggregate. Interventions that were most associated with slowing fatalities were temple closures, retail closures, and curfews. Discussion: Outside of Maharashtra (the first state struck) the first fatality wave appears to have been delayed by the national lockdown. Indias NPIs, however incomplete, were successful in delaying or limiting COVID-19 deaths. Even with incomplete compliance, limiting mass gatherings in face of incipient viral waves may save lives.

Research on behavior recognition based on feature fusion of automatic coder and recurrent neural network

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 8927-8935
Author(s):  
Bing Zheng ◽  
Dawei Yun ◽  
Yan Liang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Recurrent Neural Network ◽  
Behavior Pattern ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Video Data ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Behavior Recognition ◽  
Learning Methods ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Internet Of Things Technology

Under the impact of COVID-19, research on behavior recognition are highly needed. In this paper, we combine the algorithm of self-adaptive coder and recurrent neural network to realize the research of behavior pattern recognition. At present, most of the research of human behavior recognition is focused on the video data, which is based on the video number. At the same time, due to the complexity of video image data, it is easy to violate personal privacy. With the rapid development of Internet of things technology, it has attracted the attention of a large number of experts and scholars. Researchers have tried to use many machine learning methods, such as random forest, support vector machine and other shallow learning methods, which perform well in the laboratory environment, but there is still a long way to go from practical application. In this paper, a recursive neural network algorithm based on long and short term memory (LSTM) is proposed to realize the recognition of behavior patterns, so as to improve the accuracy of human activity behavior recognition.

The Impact of COVID-19 Quarantine on Children‘s Behaviors and Language

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 796-806
Author(s):  
Sana M Kamal ◽  
Ali Al-Samydai ◽  
Rudaina Othman Yousif ◽  
Talal Aburjai
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Child Psychology ◽  
Simple Random Sample ◽  
Community Pharmacies ◽  
The World ◽  
Female Children ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

COVID-19 pandemic has spread across the world, which considered a relative of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), with possibility of transmission from animals to human and effect each of health and economic. Several preventative strategies and non-pharmaceutical interventions have been used to slow down the spread of COVID-19. The questionnaire contained 36 questions regarding the impact of COVID-19 quarantine on children`s behaviors and language have been distributed online (Google form). Data collected after asking parents about their children behavior during quarantine, among the survey completers (n=469), 42.3% were female children, and 57.7 were male children. Results showed that quarantine has an impact on children`s behaviors and language, where stress and isolationism has a higher effect, while social relations had no impact. The majority of the respondents (75.0%) had confidence that community pharmacies can play an important role in helping families in protection their children`s behaviors and language as they made the highest contact with pharmacists during quarantine. One of the main recommendations that could be applied to help parents protection and improvement their children`s behaviors and language in quarantine condition base on simple random sample opinion is increasing the role of community pharmacies inpatient counseling and especially towards children after giving courses to pharmacists in child psychology and behavior. This could be helpful to family to protect their children, from any changing in them behaviors and language in such conditions in the future if the world reface such the same problem.

Hasty Pudding Versus Tasty Bread: Regional Variations in Diet and Nutrition during the Industrial Revolution

2012 ◽  
pp. 9-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Horrell ◽  
Deborah Oxley
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Local Supply ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Nutritional Score

Using parish-level information from Sir F.M. Eden's The state of the poor (1797) we can identify typical diets for the counties of England. These diets varied considerably and afforded very different standards of nutrition. We compute a nutritional score for this diet, paying attention to the presence of vitamins, minerals and micronutrients shown to be essential for health and growth in constructing this measure. Other information in the reports allows us to relate county-level nutrition to factors in the local economy. In particular we find nutrition was positively related to the availability of common land in the area and to women's remunerated work if conducted from home. Lack of common land and little local supply of dairy products also pushed households into buying white wheaten bread rather than baking their own wholemeal loaf. Replicating some of this analysis with household-level data confirms these results. Diet also maps onto stature: male convicts to Australia were significantly taller if they originated in a county with a more nutritious diet. This verifies the important impact of nutrition on stature and demonstrates the sensitivity of height as a measure of key aspects of welfare.

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