Shoot and root thermomorphogenesis are linked by a developmental trade-off

AbstractTemperature is one of the most impactful environmental factors to which plants adjust their growth and development. While the regulation of temperature signaling has been extensively investigated for the aerial part of plants, much less is known and understood about how roots sense and modulate their growth in response to fluctuating temperatures. Here we found that shoot and root growth responses to high ambient temperature are coordinated during early seedling development. A shoot signaling module that includes HY5, the phytochromes and the PIFs exerts a central function in coupling these growth responses and control auxin levels in the root. In addition to the HY5/PIF-dependent shoot module, a regulatory axis composed of auxin biosynthesis and auxin perception factors controls root responses to high ambient temperature. Together, our findings show that shoot and root developmental responses to temperature are tightly coupled during thermomorphogenesis and suggest that roots integrate energy signals with local hormonal inputs.

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HY5 and phytochrome activity modulate shoot-to-root coordination during thermomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.192625 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 147 (24) ◽

pp. dev192625

Author(s):

Christophe Gaillochet ◽

Yogev Burko ◽

Matthieu Pierre Platre ◽

Ling Zhang ◽

Jan Simura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ambient Temperature ◽

Seedling Development ◽

High Ambient Temperature ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Central Function ◽

Tightly Coupled ◽

Early Seedling ◽

Root Responses ◽

Developmental Responses ◽

Early Seedling Development

ABSTRACTTemperature is one of the most impactful environmental factors to which plants adjust their growth and development. Although the regulation of temperature signaling has been extensively investigated for the aerial part of plants, much less is known and understood about how roots sense and modulate their growth in response to fluctuating temperatures. Here, we found that shoot and root growth responses to high ambient temperature are coordinated during early seedling development in Arabidopsis. A shoot signaling module that includes HY5, the phytochromes and the PIFs exerts a central function in coupling these growth responses and maintaining auxin levels in the root. In addition to the HY5/PIF-dependent shoot module, a regulatory axis composed of auxin biosynthesis and auxin perception factors controls root responses to high ambient temperature. Taken together, our findings show that shoot and root developmental responses to temperature are tightly coupled during thermomorphogenesis and suggest that roots integrate energy signals with local hormonal inputs.

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Effect of high ambient temperature on protein and lipid deposition and energy utilization in growing pigs

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800052863 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

pp. 85-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

L. Le Bellego ◽

J. van Milgen ◽

J. Noblet

Keyword(s):

Ambient Temperature ◽

Food Restriction ◽

Live Weight ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

High Ambient Temperature ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Free Access ◽

Lipid Deposition ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Feeding Level

AbstractThe effects of high ambient temperature (T) on protein (PD) and lipid deposition (LD) and energy utilization were studied on 36 Piétrain ✕ (Landrace ✕ Large White) barrows according to a factorial design including two temperatures (23ºC for thermoneutrality and 30ºC for the high temperature) and four feeding levels. One feeding level corresponded to the voluntary food intake (VFI) at each temperature. Expressed as proportion of VFI at 23ºC, the actual feeding levels were 1·00, 0·90, 0·80, 0·70 at 23ºC and 0·80, 0·73, 0·68 and 0·62 at 30ºC. Animals were offered a wheat, maize and soya-bean meal based diet containing 187 g crude protein per kg and 0·95 g ileal standardized digestible lysine per MJ of net energy. Pigs were housed individually and had free access to water. The experiment started at 24 kg live weight and animals were slaughtered at 65 kg live weight and their body composition was measured. Slaughter of nine control pigs at the beginning of the experiment allowed calculation of the composition of gain (nutrients and energy) according to the comparative slaughter technique. Reduction of metabolizable energy (ME) intake resulted in a reduced live-weight gain at each T: the maximum gain was 1052 g/ day in pigs offered food ad libitum at 23ºC and the minimum (760 g/day) at the lowest intake at 30ºC. Visceral organ mass was lower at 30ºC than at 23ºC but was not affected by feeding level within T. Growth responses were described as polynomial or broken-line functions of ME intake (linear-plateau for PD). Both the slope and the plateau were influenced by T. At 30ºC, PDmax (143 g/day) was reached at 22·8 MJ ME per day, while at 23ºC PDmax (165 g/day) was reached at 28·4 MJ ME per day. In both cases, PDmax was reached at 0·88 of VFI at this temperature. Also the marginal response of PD to ME intake before the breakpoint was affected by T (5·9 and 4·5 g PD per MJ ME at 23ºC and 30ºC, respectively). At identical high ME intake (e.g. 0·80 of VFI at 23ºC), PD was greater at 23ºC than at 30ºC. In contrast, severe food restriction reduced PD at thermoneutrality more than an identical food restriction obtained at high ambient T. The results indicate that heat stress has a direct negative effect on PD and affects the partitioning of energy gain between protein and fat deposition.

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ELF3 polyQ variation in Arabidopsis thaliana reveals PIF4-independent role in thermoresponsive flowering

10.1101/038257 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Maximilian O. Press ◽

Amy Lanctot ◽

Christine Queitsch

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Ambient Temperature ◽

Natural Variation ◽

High Ambient Temperature ◽

Present Evidence ◽

Response To Temperature ◽

Developmental Responses ◽

Temperature Responses ◽

Polyq Tract ◽

Important Stimulus

ABSTRACTPlants have evolved elaborate mechanisms controlling developmental responses to environmental stimuli. A particularly important stimulus is temperature. Previous work has identified the interplay of PIF4 and ELF3 as a central circuit underlying thermal responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, thermal responses vary widely among strains, possibly offering mechanistic insights into the wiring of this circuit. ELF3 contains a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract that is crucial for ELF3 function and varies in length across strains. Here, we use transgenic analysis to test the hypothesis that natural polyQ variation in ELF3 is associated with the observed natural variation in thermomorphogenesis. We found little evidence that the polyQ tract plays a specific role in thermal responses beyond modulating general ELF3 function. Instead, we made the serendipitous discovery that ELF3 plays a crucial, PIF4-independent role in thermoresponsive flowering under conditions more likely to reflect field conditions. We present evidence that ELF3 acts through the photoperiodic pathway, pointing to a previously unknown symmetry between low and high ambient temperature responses. Moreover, in analyzing two strain backgrounds with vastly different thermal responses, we demonstrate that responses may be shifted rather than fundamentally rewired across strains. Our findings tie together disparate observations into a coherent framework in which multiple pathways converge in accelerating flowering in response to temperature, with some such pathways modulated by photoperiod.

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Auxin promotion of seedling growth via ARF5 is dependent on the brassinosteroid-regulated transcription factors BES1 and BEH4

10.1101/664144 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Anahit Galstyan ◽

Jennifer L Nemhauser

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factor ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Regulatory Elements ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Promoter Architecture ◽

Control Growth ◽

Early Seedling ◽

Growth Promoting ◽

Molecular Bases ◽

Early Seedling Development

AbstractSeedlings must continually calibrate their growth in response to the environment. Auxin and brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant hormones that work together to control growth responses during photomorphogenesis. We used our previous analysis of promoter architecture in an auxin and BR target gene to guide our investigation into the broader molecular bases and biological relevance of transcriptional co-regulation by these hormones. We found that the auxin-regulated transcription factor AUXIN RESPONSIVE FACTOR 5 (ARF5) and the brassinosteroid-regulated transcription factor BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESOR 1/BRASSINOZOLERESISTANT 2 (BES1) co-regulated a subset of growth promoting genes via conserved bipartite cis-regulatory elements. Moreover, ARF5 binding to DNA could be enriched by increasing BES1 levels. The evolutionary loss of bipartite elements in promoters results in loss of hormone responsiveness. We also identified another member of the BES1/BZR1 family called BEH4 that acts partially redundantly with BES1 to regulate seedling growth. Double mutant analysis showed that BEH4 and not BZR1 were required alongside BES1 for normal auxin response during early seedling development. We propose that an ARF5-BES1/BEH4 transcriptional module acts to promote growth via modulation of a diverse set of growth-associated genes.

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The influence of high ambient temperature during gestation on the development of wool follicles in the fetal lamb

Reproduction ◽

10.1530/jrf.0.0280151 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 151-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

G. Cartwright

Keyword(s):

Ambient Temperature ◽

High Ambient Temperature ◽

Fetal Lamb

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Role of root UV-B sensing in Arabidopsis early seedling development.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1144900.618295 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Hanjo Hellmann

Keyword(s):

Seedling Development ◽

Early Seedling ◽

Early Seedling Development

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Zinc Seed Priming Improves Spinach Germination at Low Temperature

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11030271 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 271

Author(s):

Muhammad Imran ◽

Asim Mahmood ◽

Günter Neumann ◽

Birte Boelt

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Temperature Stress ◽

Multispectral Imaging ◽

Germination Rate ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Seed Priming ◽

Seedling Development ◽

Low Temperature Stress ◽

Early Seedling ◽

Early Seedling Development

Low temperature during germination hinders germination speed and early seedling development. Zn seed priming is a useful and cost-effective tool to improve germination rate and resistance to low temperature stress during germination and early seedling development. Spinach was tested to improve germination and seedling development with Zn seed priming under low temperature stress conditions. Zn priming increased seed Zn concentration up to 48 times. The multispectral imaging technique with VideometerLab was used as a non-destructive method to differentiate unprimed, water- and Zn-primed spinach seeds successfully. Localization of Zn in the seeds was studied using the 1,5-diphenyl thiocarbazone (DTZ) dying technique. Active translocation of primed Zn in the roots of young seedlings was detected with laser confocal microscopy. Zn priming of spinach seeds at 6 mM Zn showed a significant increase in germination rate and total germination under low temperature at 8 °C.

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