scholarly journals Changes in the stool and oropharyngeal microbiome in obsessive-compulsive disorder

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Domènech ◽  
Jesse Willis ◽  
Maria Alemany ◽  
Marta Morell ◽  
Eva Real ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
And Gender

ABSTRACTAlthough the etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is largely unknown, it is accepted that OCD is a complex disorder. There is a known bi-directional interaction between the gut microbiome and brain activity. Several authors have reported associations between changes in gut microbiota and neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression or autism. Furthermore, a pediatric-onset neuropsychiatric OCD-related syndrome occurs after streptococcal infection, which might indicate that exposure to certain microbes could be involved in OCD susceptibility. However, only one study has investigated the microbiome of OCD patients to date. We performed 16S ribosomal RNA gene-based metagenomic sequencing to analyze the stool and oropharyngeal microbiome composition of 32 OCD cases and 32 age and gender matched controls. We estimated different α- and β-diversity measures and performed LEfSe and Wilcoxon tests to assess differences in bacterial distribution. OCD stool samples showed a trend towards lower bacterial α-diversity, as well as an increase of the relative abundance of Rikenellaceae, particularly of the genus Alistipes, and lower relative abundance of Prevotellaceae, and two genera within the Lachnospiraceae: Agathobacer and Coprococcus. However, we did not observe a different Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio between OCD cases and controls. Analysis of the oropharyngeal microbiome composition showed a lower Fusobacteria to Actinobacteria ratio in OCD cases. In conclusion, we observed an imbalance in the gut and oropharyngeal microbiomes of OCD cases, including, in stool, an increase of bacteria from the Rikenellaceae family, associated with gut inflammation, and a decrease of bacteria from the Coprococcus genus, associated with DOPAC synthesis.

scholarly journals Association study between the -62A/T NFKBIL1 polymorphism and obsessive-compulsive disorder

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quirino Cordeiro ◽  
Carolina Cappi ◽  
Aline Santos Sampaio ◽  
Selma Aliotti Palácios ◽  
Carlos Alberto de Bragança Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Brazilian Sample ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Objective Evidence ◽  
Gene Enhancer ◽  
Negative Findings ◽  
And Gender

OBJECTIVE: Evidence from family and molecular genetic studies support the hypothesis of involvement of immunologic mechanisms in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. The nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor-like 1 (NFKBIL1) has been suggested as a modulator of the immunological system. Given the importance of NFKBIL1 in the immunological response, the present study investigated the -62A/T polymorphism (rs2071592), located in the promoter region of its gene (NFKBIL1), as a genetic risk factor for the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder. METHOD: The -62A/T NFKBIL1 polymorphism was investigated in a sample of 111 patients who met DSM-IV criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder and 272 healthy age- and gender-matched controls. RESULTS: There were no differences in genotypic distributions between patients and controls (χ2 = 0.98; 2 d.f.; p = 0.61). DISCUSSION: Despite these negative findings, more comprehensive polymorphism coverage within the NFKBIL1 is warranted in larger samples. Populations with different ethnic backgrounds should also be studied. CONCLUSION: The results of the present investigation do not provide evidence for the association between the -62A/T NFKBIL1 polymorphism and obsessive-compulsive disorder in this Brazilian sample.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of Behavioral, Physiological, and Neurobiological Cognitive Regulation Alterations in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 797
Author(s):  
Sónia Ferreira ◽  
José Miguel Pêgo ◽  
Pedro Morgado
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Intrusive Thoughts ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Regulation ◽  
Frontoparietal Network ◽  
Pubmed Database

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by cognitive regulation deficits. However, the current literature has focused on executive functioning and emotional response impairments in this disorder. Herein, we conducted a systematic review of studies assessing the behavioral, physiological, and neurobiological alterations in cognitive regulation in obsessive-compulsive patients using the PubMed database. Most of the studies included explored behavioral (distress, arousal, and frequency of intrusive thoughts) and neurobiological measures (brain activity and functional connectivity) using affective cognitive regulation paradigms. Our results pointed to the advantageous use of reappraisal and acceptance strategies in contrast to suppression to reduce distress and frequency of intrusive thoughts. Moreover, we observed alterations in frontoparietal network activity during cognitive regulation. Our conclusions are limited by the inclusion of underpowered studies with treated patients. Nonetheless, our findings support the OCD impairments in cognitive regulation of emotion and might help to improve current guidelines for cognitive therapy.

Brain 5-HT function in obsessive-compulsive disorder

1997 ◽  
Vol 171 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Fineberg ◽  
A. Roberts ◽  
S. A. Montgomery ◽  
P. J. Cowen
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Therapeutic Advantage ◽  
Neuroendocrine Function ◽  
Prolactin Response ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Drug Free

BackgroundDrugs that potentiate brain serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission are effective in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), but it is unclear whether disturbances in brain 5-HT function play a role in the pathophysiology of OCD.MethodWe studied the prolactin response to the selective 5-HT releasing agent d-fenfluramine in 14 non-depressed, drug-free OCD patients, and 14 healthy controls matched for age and gender.ResultsThe prolactin response to d-fenfluramine was significantly increased in OCD patients compared with controls.ConclusionsThe disparate results of studies of 5-HT neuroendocrine function in OCD make it unlikely that disturbances of brain 5-HT function play a central role in the pathophysiology of OCD. Increased brain 5-HT neurotransmission in non-depressed OCD subjects may represent an adaptive neurobehavioural mechanism which can be amplified to therapeutic advantage by treatment with 5-HT potentiating drugs.

scholarly journals Altered Brain Activity during Reward Anticipation in Pathological Gambling and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. e45938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung-Seok Choi ◽  
Young-Chul Shin ◽  
Wi Hoon Jung ◽  
Joon Hwan Jang ◽  
Do-Hyung Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Reward Anticipation

scholarly journals Increased error-related brain activity in youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder and other anxiety disorders

2013 ◽  
Vol 541 ◽  
pp. 214-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melisa Carrasco ◽  
Christina Hong ◽  
Jenna K. Nienhuis ◽  
Shannon M. Harbin ◽  
Kate D. Fitzgerald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

scholarly journals Comparing effectiveness between a mobile application program and traditional cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyunchan Hwang ◽  
Sujin Bae ◽  
Jisun Hong ◽  
Doug Hyun Han
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Behavior Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Behavior Therapy ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Cognitive Behavior ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Significant Difference

BACKGROUND This study proposes a digital program for the treatment of mental illness that could increase motivation and learning outcomes for patients. Several studies have already applied this method by using an exposure and response prevention inspired serious game to treat patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that a mobile cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) program would be effective in treating OCD as much as traditional offline CBT. In addition, the treatment efficacy in response to mobile CBT for OCD might be associated with increased brain activity within the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) tract. METHODS The digital CBT treatment program for OCD, OCfree, consists of 6 education sessions, 10 quests, and 7 casual games. The information of 27 patients with OCD (15 offline CBT and 12 OCFree CBT) were gathered. During the 6-week intervention period, changes in the clinical symptoms and brain function activity were analyzed. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the change in OCD symptoms and depressive symptoms between the two groups. However, the OCfree group showed greater improvement in anxiety symptoms compared to the offline CBT group. Both offline CBT and OCfree CBT increased the functional connectivity within the CSTC tract in all patients with OCD. However, CBT using OCfree showed greater changes in brain connectivity within the thalamus and insula, compared to offline CBT. CONCLUSIONS : The OC free, an OCD treatment App program, was effective in the treatment of drug-naïve patients with OCD. The treatment effects of OCfree are associated with increased brain connectivity within the CSTC tract. Multisensory stimulation by education, quest, and games in OCfree increases the activity within the thalamus and insula in patients with OCD. CLINICALTRIAL

scholarly journals Moderators and predictors of response to cognitive-behavioral therapy augmentation of pharmacotherapy in obsessive–compulsive disorder

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 2013-2023 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Maher ◽  
J. D. Huppert ◽  
H. Chen ◽  
N. Duan ◽  
E. B. Foa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Treatment Type ◽  
And Gender

BackgroundCognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) consisting of exposure and response prevention (EX/RP) is efficacious as a treatment for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). However, about half of patients have a partial or poor response to EX/RP treatment. This study examined potential predictors and moderators of CBT augmentation of pharmacotherapy, to identify variables associated with a poorer response to OCD treatment.MethodData were drawn from a large randomized controlled trial that compared the augmenting effects of EX/RP to stress management training (SMT; an active CBT control) among 108 participants receiving a therapeutic dose of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI). Stepwise regression was used to determine the model specification.ResultsPretreatment OCD severity and gender were significant moderators of outcome: severity affected SMT (but not EX/RP) outcome; and gender affected EX/RP (but not SMT) outcome. Adjusting for treatment type and pretreatment severity, significant predictors included greater co-morbidity, number of past SRI trials, and lower quality of life (QoL). Significant moderators, including their main-effects, and predictors accounted for 37.2% of the total variance in outcome, comparable to the impact of treatment type alone (R2=30.5%). These findings were replicated in the subgroup analysis of EX/RP alone (R2=55.2%).ConclusionsThis is the first randomized controlled study to examine moderators and predictors of CBT augmentation of SRI pharmacotherapy. Although effect sizes for individual predictors tended to be small, their combined effect was comparable to that of treatment. Thus, future research should examine whether monitoring for a combination of these risk factors and targeting them with multi-modular strategies can improve EX/RP outcome.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document