scholarly journals Vegetative phase change in Populus tremula x alba

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica H. Lawrence ◽  
Aaron R. Leichty ◽  
Cathleen Ma ◽  
Steven H. Strauss ◽  
R. Scott Poethig
Keyword(s):  
Phase Change ◽  
Populus Tremula ◽  
Quaking Aspen ◽  
List Type ◽  
Developmental Morphology ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Vegetative Phase Change

SummaryPlants transition through juvenile and adult phases of vegetative development in a process known as vegetative phase change (VPC). In poplars (genus Populus) the differences between these stages are subtle, making it difficult to determine when this transition occurs. Previous studies of VPC in poplars have relied on plants propagated in vitro, so the normal nature of this process is still unknown.We examined developmental morphology of seed-grown and in vitro derived Populus tremula x alba (clone 717-1B4), and compared the phenotype of these, to plants over- and under-expressing miR156, the master regulator of VPC.In seed-grown plants, most traits changed from node-to-node during the first 3 months of development but remained relatively constant starting around node 25. Most of these traits remained unchanged in clones over-expressing miR156, demonstrating they are regulated by the miR156/SPL pathway. Leaf fluttering--a characteristic of Populus tremula (“quaking aspen”)--is one of these miR156-regulated traits.Vegetative development in plants grown from culture mirrored that of seed-grown plants, allowing direct comparison between plants often used in research and those found in nature. These results provide a foundation for further research on the role of VPC in the ecology and evolution of this economically important genus.

scholarly journals Vegetative phase change in Populus tremula x alba

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica H. Lawrence ◽  
Aaron R. Leichty ◽  
Erin E. Doody ◽  
Cathleen Ma ◽  
Steven H. Strauss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Change ◽  
Populus Tremula ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Vegetative Phase Change

scholarly journals Vegetative Phase Change Causes Age-Dependent Changes in Phenotypic Plasticity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica H Lawrence ◽  
R. Scott Poethig ◽  
Jesse Lasky
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Developmental Transitions ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Vegetative Phase Change ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Model Plant Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Mutant Lines

Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to optimize traits for their environment. As organisms age, they experience diverse environments that merit varying degrees of phenotypic plasticity. Developmental transitions can control these age-dependent changes in plasticity and as such, the timing of these transitions can determine when plasticity changes in an organism. Here we investigate how the transition from juvenile-to adult-vegetative development known as vegetative phase change (VPC) contributes to age-dependent changes in phenotypic plasticity using both natural accessions and mutant lines in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Further, we look at how the timing of this transition and the concordant shifts in plasticity change across accessions and environments. We found that the adult phase of vegetative development has greater plasticity than the juvenile phase and confirmed that this difference in plasticity is caused by VPC using mutant lines. Further, we found that the timing of VPC, and therefore the time when increased plasticity is acquired, varies significantly across genotypes and environments. This genetic and environmental variation in the timing of VPC indicates the potential for population-level adaptive evolution of VPC. The consistent age-dependent changes in plasticity caused by VPC add further support to the hypothesis that VPC is adaptive.

scholarly journals miR156-mediated changes in leaf composition lead to altered photosynthetic traits during vegetative phase change

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica H. Lawrence ◽  
Clint J. Springer ◽  
Brent R. Helliker ◽  
R. Scott Poethig
Keyword(s):  
Phase Change ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Photosynthetic Performance ◽  
List Type ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Vegetative Phase Change ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Leaf Composition

SummaryPlant morphology and physiology change with growth and development. Some of these changes are due to change in plant size and some are the result of genetically programmed developmental transitions. In this study we investigate the role of the developmental transition, vegetative phase change (VPC), on morphological and photosynthetic changes.We used overexpression of miR156, the master regulator of VPC, to modulate the timing of VPC in Populus tremula x alba, Zea mays and Arabidopsis thaliana to determine its role in trait variation independent of changes in size and overall age.Here we find that juvenile and adult leaves in all three species photosynthesize at different rates and that these differences are due to phase-dependent changes in specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf N but not photosynthetic biochemistry. Further, we found juvenile leaves with high SLA were associated with better photosynthetic performance at low light levels.This study establishes a role for VPC in leaf composition and photosynthetic performance across diverse species and environments. Variation in leaf traits due to VPC are likely to provide distinct benefits under specific environments and, as a result, selection on the timing of this transition could be a mechanism for environmental adaptation.

scholarly journals Juvenile Leaves or Adult Leaves: Determinants for Vegetative Phase Change in Flowering Plants

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 9753
Author(s):  
Darren Manuela ◽  
Mingli Xu
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Vegetative Phase Change ◽  
Squamosa Promoter Binding Protein ◽  
Adult Phase ◽  
Complex Regulation

Vegetative leaves in Arabidopsis are classified as either juvenile leaves or adult leaves based on their specific traits, such as leaf shape and the presence of abaxial trichomes. The timing of the juvenile-to-adult phase transition during vegetative development, called the vegetative phase change, is a critical decision for plants, as this transition is associated with crop yield, stress responses, and immune responses. Juvenile leaves are characterized by high levels of miR156/157, and adult leaves are characterized by high levels of miR156/157 targets, SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) transcription factors. The discovery of this miR156/157-SPL module provided a critical tool for elucidating the complex regulation of the juvenile-to-adult phase transition in plants. In this review, we discuss how the traits of juvenile leaves and adult leaves are determined by the miR156/157-SPL module and how different factors, including embryonic regulators, sugar, meristem regulators, hormones, and epigenetic proteins are involved in controlling the juvenile-to-adult phase transition, focusing on recent insights into vegetative phase change. We also highlight outstanding questions in the field that need further investigation. Understanding how vegetative phase change is regulated would provide a basis for manipulating agricultural traits under various conditions.

scholarly journals Sugar promotes vegetative phase change in Arabidopsis thaliana by repressing the expression of MIR156A and MIR156C

eLife ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Yang ◽  
Mingli Xu ◽  
Yeonjong Koo ◽  
Jia He ◽  
R Scott Poethig
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Phase Change ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Developmental Timing ◽  
Vegetative Phase ◽  
Adult Transition ◽  
Vegetative Phase Change ◽  
Exogenous Glucose ◽  
Exogenous Sugar ◽  
Signaling Activity

Nutrients shape the growth, maturation, and aging of plants and animals. In plants, the juvenile to adult transition (vegetative phase change) is initiated by a decrease in miR156. In Arabidopsis, we found that exogenous sugar decreased the abundance of miR156, whereas reduced photosynthesis increased the level of this miRNA. This effect was correlated with a change in the timing of vegetative phase change, and was primarily attributable to a change in the expression of two genes, MIR156A and MIR156C, which were found to play dominant roles in this transition. The glucose-induced repression of miR156 was dependent on the signaling activity of HEXOKINASE1. We also show that the defoliation-induced increase in miR156 levels can be suppressed by exogenous glucose. These results provide a molecular link between nutrient availability and developmental timing in plants, and suggest that sugar is a component of the leaf signal that mediates vegetative phase change.

scholarly journals STIM1 deficiency is linked to Alzheimer’s disease and triggers cell death in SH-SY5Y cells by upregulation of L-type voltage-operated Ca2+ entry

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (10) ◽  
pp. 1061-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Pascual-Caro ◽  
Maria Berrocal ◽  
Aida M. Lopez-Guerrero ◽  
Alberto Alvarez-Barrientos ◽  
Eulalia Pozo-Guisado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Neuroblastoma Cell ◽  
Disease Patient ◽  
List Type

Abstract STIM1 is an endoplasmic reticulum protein with a role in Ca2+ mobilization and signaling. As a sensor of intraluminal Ca2+ levels, STIM1 modulates plasma membrane Ca2+ channels to regulate Ca2+ entry. In neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and in familial Alzheimer’s disease patient skin fibroblasts, STIM1 is cleaved at the transmembrane domain by the presenilin-1-associated γ-secretase, leading to dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis. In this report, we investigated expression levels of STIM1 in brain tissues (medium frontal gyrus) of pathologically confirmed Alzheimer’s disease patients, and observed that STIM1 protein expression level decreased with the progression of neurodegeneration. To study the role of STIM1 in neurodegeneration, a strategy was designed to knock-out the expression of STIM1 gene in the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing, as an in vitro model to examine the phenotype of STIM1-deficient neuronal cells. It was proved that, while STIM1 is not required for the differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells, it is absolutely essential for cell survival in differentiating cells. Differentiated STIM1-KO cells showed a significant decrease of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I activity, mitochondrial inner membrane depolarization, reduced mitochondrial free Ca2+ concentration, and higher levels of senescence as compared with wild-type cells. In parallel, STIM1-KO cells showed a potentiated Ca2+ entry in response to depolarization, which was sensitive to nifedipine, pointing to L-type voltage-operated Ca2+ channels as mediators of the upregulated Ca2+ entry. The stable knocking-down of CACNA1C transcripts restored mitochondrial function, increased mitochondrial Ca2+ levels, and dropped senescence to basal levels, demonstrating the essential role of the upregulation of voltage-operated Ca2+ entry through Cav1.2 channels in STIM1-deficient SH-SY5Y cell death. Key messages STIM1 protein expression decreases with the progression of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. STIM1 is essential for cell viability in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. STIM1 deficiency triggers voltage-regulated Ca2+ entry-dependent cell death. Mitochondrial dysfunction and senescence are features of STIM1-deficient differentiated cells.

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