Agro-meteorology of Indian Brassicas

Field experiment was conducted for two crop seasons (1996-97 & 1997-98) at CCS, HAU, Hisar research farm to study the effect of weather parameters on growth and yield of mustard. The results indicated that an increase in maximum temperature and duration of sunshine hours resulted in increased leaf area index (LAI). The increase in daytime temperature resulted in higher biomass accumulation during vegetative phase, but the trend was reversed during physiological maturity. The biomass accumulation in brassicas increased with increase in evaporation rate during the grand growth period. However, latter on during the physiological maturity, increase in evaporation rate resulted in decline of biomass accumulation. Further, it was noted that the magnitudes of some important weather parameters (maximum and minimum temperatures, pan evaporation and morning relative humidity) during the vegetative phase of crop played decisive role in deciding the quantum of seed yield which is a resultant of various yield attributes. The rainfall during the crop growing season either have no association or had a negative relationship with yield and yield attributes because crop never experienced water stress as abundant moisture was made available through irrigation.

ÁGUA SALINA E ADUBAÇÃO FOSFATADA NA CULTURA DO AMENDOIM

ÁGUA SALINA E ADUBAÇÃO FOSFATADA NA CULTURA DO AMENDOIM JOSÉ MARCELO DA SILVA GUILHERME1; GEOCLEBER GOMES DE SOUSA2; SAMUEL DE OLIVEIRA SANTOS3; KRISHNA RIBEIRO GOMES4; THALES VINICIUS DE ARAÚJO VIANA5 1 Mestrando pelo programa de pós graduação em engenharia agrícola da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici (Av. Mister Hull, 2977, Pici, 60.021-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil). E-mail: [email protected] 2Professor Doutor, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Rural, Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira (Avenida da abolição, 3, Centro, 62.790-000, Redenção, Ceará, Brasil). E-mail: [email protected] 3 Discente no curso de agronomia da Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira (Avenida da abolição, 3, Centro, 62.790-000, Redenção, Ceará, Brasil). E-mail: [email protected] 4 Pós doutoranda em engenharia agrícola da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici (Av. Mister Hull, 2977, Pici, 60.021-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil). E-mail: [email protected] 5 Professor Doutor, Departamento de engenharia agrícola da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, (Av. Mister Hull, 2977, Pici, 60.021-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil). E-mail: [email protected] 1 RESUMO A adubação fosfata poderá mitigar o estresse salino em plantas de amendoim. Diante deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso de água salina em diversos estágios fenológicos na produtividade da cultura do amendoim cultivado sob adubação fosfatada. O experimento foi realizado na área experimental da Unidade de Produção de Mudas Auroras, da Universidade da Integração da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Redenção, CE. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 6x2, com 5 repetições, sendo utilizadas seis estratégias de irrigação com água salina com condutividade elétrica de 4,0 dS m-1 aplicadas em diferentes estágios fenológicos da cultura: estresse salino na fase vegetativa (E1); na fase de florescimento (E2); no aparecimento do ginóforo (E3); na frutificação/formação de vagem (E4); no estágio final da floração (E5); sem estresse salino (E6) e duas doses de fósforo 3,1 e 6,2 g vaso-1, correspondendo a 50% e 100% da dose recomendada. As variáveis analisadas foram: vagens formadas, vagens mal formadas, número total de vagens por planta, comprimento de vagem, diâmetro de vagem, massa de vagens e a produtividade. O uso de água de maior salinidade na fase vegetativa evidencia menor diâmetro de vagem. Palavras-chave: Arachis Hypogaea L.; Estresse Salino; Nutrição de plantas. GUILHERME, J.M.S; SOUSA, G.G; SANTOS, S.O; GOMES, K.R; VIANA, T.V.A. SALINE WATER AND PHOSPHATE FERTILIZATION IN PEANUT CROPS 2 ABSTRACT Phosphate fertilization can mitigate salt stress in peanut plants. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate the use of saline water at different phenological stages in the productivity of peanuts cultivated under phosphorus fertilization. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of ​​the Aurora Seedling Production Unit, at the University of Integration of Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, Redenção, CE. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 6x2 factorial scheme, with 5 replications, using six irrigation strategies with saline water with electrical conductivity of 4.0 dS m-1 applied at different phenological stages of the crop: salt stress in the vegetative phase (E1); in the flowering stage (E2); in the appearance of the gynophore (E3); in fruiting/pod formation (E4); in the final stage of flowering (E5); without salt stress (E6) and two doses of phosphorus 3.1 and 6.2 g pot-1, corresponding to 50% and 100% of the recommended dose. The variables analyzed were formed pods, malformed pods, total number of pods per plant, pod length, pod diameter, pod mass and productivity. The use of water with greater salinity in the vegetative phase shows a smaller pod diameter. Keywords: Arachis hypogaea L., Salt stress, Plant nutrition.

The Spatial Model of Paddy Productivity Based on Environmental Vulnerability in Each Phase of Paddy Planting

The national primary always growth and increase in line with the increase in population, such as the rise of rice consumption in Indonesia. Paddy productivity influenced by the physical condition of the land and the declining of those factors can detected from the environmental vulnerability parameters. Purpose of this study was to compile a spatial model of paddy productivity based on environmental vulnerability in each planting phase using the remote sensing and GIS technology approaches. This spatial model is compiled based on the results of the application of two models, namely spatial model of paddy planting phase and paddy productivity. The spatial model of paddy planting phase obtained from the analysis of vegetation index from Sentinel-2A imagery using the random forest classification model. The variables for building the spatial model of the paddy planting phase are a combination of NDVI vegetation index, EVI, SAVI, NDWI, and time variables. The overall accuracy of the paddy planting phase model is 0.92 which divides the paddy planting phase into the initial phase of planting, vegetative phase, generative phase, and fallow phase. The paddy productivity model obtained from environmental vulnerability analysis with GIS using the linear regression method. The variables used are environmental vulnerability variables which consist of hazards from floods, droughts, landslides, and rainfall. Estimation of paddy productivity based on the influence of environmental vulnerability has the best accuracy done at the vegetative phase of 0.63 and the generative phase of 0.61 while in the initial phase of planting cannot be used because it has a weak relationship with an accuracy of 0.35.

The Flowering Repressor SVP recruits the TOPLESS co-repressor to control flowering in chrysanthemum and Arabidopsis

Plant flowering time is a consequence of the perception of environmental and endogenous signals. The MCM1-AGAMOUSDEFICIENS-SRF-box (MADS-box) gene SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) is a pivotal repressor that negatively regulates the floral transition during the vegetative phase. The transcriptional corepressor TOPLESS (TPL) plays critical roles in many aspects of plant life. An interaction first identified between the second LXLXLX motif (LRLGLP) of CmSVP with CmTPL1-2, which can repress the expression of a key flowering factor CmFTL3 by binding its promotor CArG element in chrysanthemum. Genetic analysis suggested that the CmSVP-CmTPL1-2 transcriptional complex is a prerequisite for SVP to act as a floral repressor, which reduces CmFTL3 transcriptional activity. CmSVP rescued the phenotype of the svp-31 mutant in Arabidopsis, and overexpression of AtSVP or CmSVP in the Arabidopsis dominant negative mutation tpl-1 led to a loss-of-function in late flowering, which confirmed the highly conserved function of SVP in the two completely different species. Thus, we have validated a conserved machinery wherein SVP relies on TPL to inhibit flowering through the direct regulation of FT, which is more meaningful for the evolution of species and could be translated to high-quality cultivation and breeding of crops.

Vegetative Phase Change Causes Age-Dependent Changes in Phenotypic Plasticity

Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to optimize traits for their environment. As organisms age, they experience diverse environments that merit varying degrees of phenotypic plasticity. Developmental transitions can control these age-dependent changes in plasticity and as such, the timing of these transitions can determine when plasticity changes in an organism. Here we investigate how the transition from juvenile-to adult-vegetative development known as vegetative phase change (VPC) contributes to age-dependent changes in phenotypic plasticity using both natural accessions and mutant lines in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Further, we look at how the timing of this transition and the concordant shifts in plasticity change across accessions and environments. We found that the adult phase of vegetative development has greater plasticity than the juvenile phase and confirmed that this difference in plasticity is caused by VPC using mutant lines. Further, we found that the timing of VPC, and therefore the time when increased plasticity is acquired, varies significantly across genotypes and environments. This genetic and environmental variation in the timing of VPC indicates the potential for population-level adaptive evolution of VPC. The consistent age-dependent changes in plasticity caused by VPC add further support to the hypothesis that VPC is adaptive.

Attack intensity of pest in the vegetative phase of Atlantic potato variety in three different altitudes

Abstract.Potato plants are grown well in the highlands and have the potential to grow at different altitudes. One of the challenges in growing potatoes is pest attack during plantations, especially during the vegetative phase. The study aims to determine the attack intensity of potato pests on Atlantic variety at three different altitudes. This study was conducted in the Sembalun District, East Lombok, in three different locations, namely Sajang Village (at ca. 900 m asl), SembalunBumbung Village (at ca.1000 m asl), and SembalunLawang Village (at ca.1200 m asl) from March to June 2021. The plantations were maintained according to the standard maintenance of potato plantation farmers in Sembalun, and data was collected on a two-week basis. The research method used was an experimental method based on a Randomized Block Design (RBD). The sampling of potato plants was done using systematic random sampling. The results showed that the highest attack intensity of pests in the vegetative phase was observed nine weeks after planting, where the plants were suitable for the foliar pest. Altogether, potato plantation in SembalunBumbung had the highest attack intensity than in SembalunLawang and Sajang village. Further research is needed to examine the resistance of several varieties of potato in different altitudes and different seasons to attack the intensity of pests.

Defisit Air Pada Berbagai Fase Pertumbuhan dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Karakter Kuantitatif Beberapa Genotipe Kacang Tanah

This study aims to determine the effect of water deficit at various phases of plant growth on the quantitative characters of several peanut genotypes. This study used a completely randomized design-split plot design. The water deficit consisted of 6 treatments: d0 = no water deficit, d1 = water deficit from germination to harvest, d2 = water deficit from germination to age 25 days after planting (dap) (vegetative phase), d3 = water deficit from age 26 to 50 dap (flowering phase to pod formation), d4 = water deficit from age 51 dap to 75 dap (seed filling phase), and d5 = water deficit from age 75 dap to 100 dap (seed ripening phase until harvest). The peanut genotype used consisted of 10 genotypes. The results showed that water deficit in various phases of plant growth resulted in different quantitative characters in several peanut genotypes. Genotype G3T4 produced heaviest dry pod weight of 12.7 g plant-1 in water deficit from germination to harvest. Genotype G200-I produced heaviest dry pod weight of 11.5 g per plant-1 in water deficit in the vegetative phase. Genotype G3T4 produced heaviest dry pod weight of 13.3 g per plant in water deficit the generative phase. Genotype G300-II produced heaviest the dry pod weight of 11.7 g per plant-1 in the water deficit of the seed filling phase. Genotypes G2D2, G2T3 and G200-I produced the heaviest dry pod weight of 11.0 g per plant-1 in the water deficit of the seed ripening phase.

The Regulation of Plant Vegetative Phase Transition and Rejuvenation: miRNAs, a Key Regulator

In contrast to animals, adult organs in plants are not formed during embryogenesis but generated from meristematic cells as plants advance through development. Plant development involves a succession of different phenotypic stages and the transition between these stages is termed phase transition. Phase transitions need to be tightly regulated and coordinated to ensure they occur under optimal seasonal, environmental conditions. Polycarpic perennials transition through vegetative stages and the mature, reproductive stage many times during their lifecycles and, in both perennial and annual species, environmental factors and culturing methods can reverse the otherwise unidirectional vector of plant development. Epigenetic factors regulating gene expression in response to internal cues and external (environmental) stimuli influencing the plant’s phenotype and development have been shown to control phase transitions. How developmental and environmental cues interact to epigenetically alter gene expression and influence these transitions is not well understood, and understanding this interaction is important considering the current climate change scenarios, since epigenetic maladaptation could have catastrophic consequences for perennial plants in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Here, we review studies focusing on the epigenetic regulators of the vegetative phase change and highlight how these mechanisms might act in exogenously induced plant rejuvenation and regrowth following stress.