scholarly journals Subjective visibility report is facilitated by conscious predictions only

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josipa Alilović ◽  
Heleen A. Slagter ◽  
Simon van Gaal
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Blink ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Perceptual Awareness ◽  
Visual Domain ◽  
Do So

AbstractPredictions in the visual domain have been shown to modulate conscious access. Yet, little is known about how predictions may do so and to what extent they need to be consciously implemented to be effective. To address this, we administered an attentional blink (AB) task in which target 1 (T1) identity predicted target 2 (T2) identity, while participants rated their perceptual awareness of validly versus invalidly predicted T2s (Experiment 1 & 2) or reported T2 identity (Experiment 3). Critically, we tested the effects of conscious and non-conscious predictions, after seen and unseen T1s, on T2 visibility. We found that valid predictions increased subjective visibility reports and discrimination of T2s, but only when predictions were generated by a consciously accessed T1, irrespective of the timing at which the effects were measured (short vs. longs lags). These results further our understanding of the intricate relationship between predictive processing and consciousness.

Two faces of perceptual awareness during the attentional blink: Gradual and discrete.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aytaç Karabay ◽  
Sophia A. Wilhelm ◽  
Joost de Jong ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Sander Martens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Blink ◽  
Perceptual Awareness

scholarly journals Can race enhance perceptual awareness? Evidence from the attentional blink paradigm

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 14-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bridge ◽  
H. Choo ◽  
J. Chiao
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Blink ◽  
Perceptual Awareness

scholarly journals Visual experience in the predictive brain is univocal, but indeterminate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Nave
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Full Detail ◽  
Light Effect ◽  
Probabilistic Nature ◽  
Action Guidance ◽  
Do So

AbstractAmong the exciting prospects raised by advocates of predictive processing [PP] is the offer of a systematic description of our neural activity suitable for drawing explanatory bridges to the structure of conscious experience (Clark, 2015). Yet the gulf to cross seems wide. For, as critics of PP have argued, our visual experience certainly doesn’t seem probabilistic (Block, 2018; Holton, 2016).While Clark (2018) proposes a means to make PP compatible with the experience of a determinate world, I argue that we should not rush to do so. Two notions of determinacy are conflated in the claim that perception is determinate: ‘univocality’ and ‘full detail’. The former, as Clark argues, is only to be expected in any PP agent that (like us) models its world for the purpose of acting on it. But as Husserl argued, and as perceptual psychology has borne out, we significantly overestimate the degree of detail with which we perceive a univocal world.This second form of indeterminacy is due not to the probabilistic nature of PP’s model, but rather to its hierarchical structure, with increasingly coarse-grained representations as we move further from the sensory periphery. A PP system may, or may not, deliver a univocal hypothesis at each of these levels. An action-oriented PP system would only be expected to do so only at the level needed for successful action guidance. A naïve reporter’s overestimation of the degree of determinate detail in their visual experience can thereby be accounted for with a more gradual version of the ‘refrigerator light’ effect: we experience determinate details just to the degree that they’re needed – immediately as they’re needed.

scholarly journals AVICENNA ON ANIMAL SELF-AWARENESS, COGNITION AND IDENTITY

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-96
Author(s):  
Ahmed Alwishah
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Self ◽  
Individual Identity ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Perceptual Awareness ◽  
The Third ◽  
External Objects ◽  
Do So

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive and systematic study of Avicenna's account of animal self-awareness and cognition. In the first part, I explain how, for Avicenna, in contrast to human self-awareness, animal self-awareness is taken to be indirect, mixed-up (makhlūṭ), and an intermittent awareness. In his view, animal self-awareness is provided by the faculty of estimation (wahm); hence, in the second part, I explore the cognitive role of the faculty of estimation in animals, and how that relates to self-awareness. The faculty of estimation, according to Avicenna, serves to distinguish one's body and its parts from external objects, and plays a role in connecting the self to its perceptual activities. It follows that animal self-awareness, unlike human self-awareness, is essentially connected to the body. In the third part of the paper, I show that, while Avicenna denies animals awareness of their self-awareness, he explicitly affirms that animals can grasp their individual identity, but, unlike humans, do so incidentally, as part of their perceptual awareness.

The World Well Gained

2019 ◽  
pp. 161-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Anderson ◽  
Anthony Chemero
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Model ◽  
Extended Cognition ◽  
Model Representation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Shannon Information ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Ecological Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Do So

Many commentators on Clark’s writings on predictive processing have wondered how well the predictive processing model actually fits with embodied and extended cognition. The former seems to imply that cognition is secluded from the environment, while the latter implies that cognition is in and of the environment. This chapter argues that a reconciliation with embodied and extended cognition is possible but requires that predictive processing proponents reject environmental seclusion. To do so means adopting ecological information in place of the Shannon information most typically invoked by proponents of predictive processing, and giving many of the other semantic-sounding terms they use (e.g., “prediction,” “model,” “representation”) deflationary understandings.

scholarly journals Graded Visual Consciousness During the Attentional Blink

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Eiserbeck ◽  
Alexander Enge ◽  
Milena Rabovsky ◽  
Rasha Abdel Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Blink ◽  
Visual Awareness ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Perceptual Awareness ◽  
Accuracy Measure ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Visual Consciousness ◽  
Present Event

One of the ongoing debates about visual consciousness is whether it can be considered as an all-or-none or a graded phenomenon. This may depend on the experimental paradigm and the task used to investigate this question. The present event-related potential study (N = 32) focuses on the attentional blink paradigm for which so far only little and mixed evidence is available. Detection of T2 face targets during the attentional blink was assessed via an objective accuracy measure (reporting the faces’ gender), subjective visibility on a perceptual awareness scale (PAS) as well as event-related potentials time-locked to T2 onset (components P1, N1, N2, and P3). The behavioral results indicate a graded rather than an all-or-none pattern of visual awareness. Corresponding graded differences in the N1, N2, and P3 components were observed for the comparison of visibility levels. These findings suggest that conscious perception during the attentional blink can occur in a graded fashion.

scholarly journals Two faces of the attentional blink: Gradual and discrete loss of perceptual awareness

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aytaç Karabay ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Sophia A. Wilhelm ◽  
Sander Martens ◽  
Elkan G. Akyürek
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Blink ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Feature Location ◽  
Perceptual Awareness ◽  
Spatial Overlap ◽  
Discrete Task ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Location Binding

AbstractIn a series of experiments, the nature of perceptual awareness during the attentional blink was investigated. Previous work has considered the attentional blink as a discrete, all-or-none phenomenon, indicative for access to conscious awareness. Using continuous report measures in combination with mixture modeling, the current outcomes show that, in fact, the attentional blink can be a gradual phenomenon. The nature of the blink depended on whether targets might compete for the same spatial location or not. Without the possibility of spatial overlap, the attentional blink was of a gradual nature, in which representations of blinked targets were impoverished, but nonetheless approached the actual identity of the target that was presented. Conversely, with spatial overlap, the attentional blink was discrete; no partially correct reports could be made about blinked targets. These two different faces of the attentional blink challenge current accounts of awareness and temporal attention, which do not recognize the critical role of feature-location binding in producing discrete task performance, and consequently cannot explain the existence of gradual awareness, including that of targets subject to the attentional blink.

scholarly journals The Renewal of Perception in Religious Faith and Biblical Narrative

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Religious Faith ◽  
Cognitive Engagement ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Biblical Narrative ◽  
Biblical Narratives ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
The World ◽  
Do So

 Religious faith may manifest itself, among other things, as a mode of seeing the ordinary world, which invests that world imaginatively (or inspiredly) with an unseen depth of divine intention and spiritual significance. While such seeing may well be truthful, it is also unavoidably constructive, involving the imagination in its philosophical sense of the capacity to organize underdetermined or ambiguous sense date into a whole or gestalt. One of the characteristic ways in which biblical narratives inspire and teach is by renewing their characters’ and readers’ imagination. The texts do so not inexorably but in a similar way as (other) works of art. This paper therefore investigates the ways in which works of art engage and develop the imagination, and thereby enable renewed perceptual and cognitive engagement with the world. The paper introduces predictive processing as a helpful psychological theory for analyzing this dynamic, and outlines questions for further research.

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