Opportunities and challenges in using remote sensing for identifying grassland restoration sites and invasive tree species management in a global biodiversity hotspot

ABSTRACTTropical montane grasslands (TMG) support biodiverse and endemic taxa and provide vital ecosystems services to downstream communities. Yet invasive alien tree species across the world have threatened tropical grasslands and grassland endemic species. In India, TMG in the Shola Sky Islands of the Western Ghats have been reduced due to exotic tree invasions (acacias, pines, and eucalyptus species). The loss of grassland habitat has, in turn, reduced the range sizes of species endemic to grasslands (plants, birds, amphibians, and mammals), driving some populations to local extinction. Grassland conversion to exotic trees has also reduced the annual runoff in the Western Ghats. Conserving existing grassland and restoring invaded habitat is critical to reverse these losses. This research focused on identifying grassland restoration sites using satellite images with a high spatial resolution (RapidEye). We used an object-oriented Random Forest classification to map the area for grassland restoration. We have identified an area of 254 sq. km. as suitable for grassland restoration and an area of 362 sq. km. for grassland conservation and prevention from invasion by exotic tree species. For restoration, we recommend a cautious removal of young and isolated exotic trees at the invasion front and restoring grasslands, instead of removing dense stands of mature exotic trees. We find that areas with low fire frequency areas tend to be invaded, but areas invaded by exotic trees tend to burn hotter which may be harmful to grassland species and ecosystems. We assume that removing exotic tree species in the identified restoration sites and restoring the grassland will be helpful in recovering lost habitat and ensuring the viability of populations of indigenous and endemic species and increasing streamflow.