scholarly journals Spatial relations trigger visual binding of people

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parvaneh Adibpour ◽  
Jean-Rémy Hochmann ◽  
Liuba Papeo
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Visual Binding ◽  
Spatial Positioning ◽  
Integrative Processing ◽  
Two Bodies

AbstractTo navigate the social world, humans must represent social entities, and the relationships between those entities, starting with the spatial relationships. Recent research suggests that two bodies are processed with particularly high efficiency in visual perception, when they are in a spatial positioning that cues interaction, i.e. close and face-to-face. Socially relevant spatial relations such as facingness may facilitate visual perception by triggering grouping of bodies into a new integrated percept, which would make the stimuli more visible and easier to process. We used electroencephalography and a frequency-tagging paradigm to measure a neural correlate of grouping (or visual binding), while female and male participants saw images of two bodies face-to-face or back-to-back. The two bodies in a dyad flickered at the frequencies F1 and F2, respectively, and appeared together at a third frequency Fd (dyad frequency). This stimulation should elicit a periodic neural response for each single body at F1 and F2, and a third response at Fd, which would be larger for face-to-face (vs. back-to-back) bodies, if those stimuli yield additional integrative processing. Results showed that responses at F1 and F2 were higher for upright than for inverted bodies, demonstrating that our paradigm could capture body-specific activity. Crucially, the response to dyads at Fd was larger for face-to-face (vs. back-to-back) dyads, suggesting integration mediated by grouping. Thus, spatial relations that recur in social interaction (i.e., facingness) may promote binding of multiple bodies into a new representation. This mechanism can explain how the visual system contributes to integrating and transforming the representation of disconnected individual body-shapes into structured representations of social events.

scholarly journals Spatial Relations Trigger Visual Binding of People

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Parvaneh Adibpour ◽  
Jean-Rémy Hochmann ◽  
Liuba Papeo
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Visual Binding ◽  
Socially Relevant ◽  
Spatial Positioning ◽  
Integrative Processing ◽  
Two Bodies

Abstract To navigate the social world, humans must represent social entities and the relationships between those entities, starting with spatial relationships. Recent research suggests that two bodies are processed with particularly high efficiency in visual perception, when they are in a spatial positioning that cues interaction, that is, close and face-to-face. Socially relevant spatial relations such as facingness may facilitate visual perception by triggering grouping of bodies into a new integrated percept, which would make the stimuli more visible and easier to process. We used EEG and a frequency-tagging paradigm to measure a neural correlate of grouping (or visual binding), while female and male participants saw images of two bodies face-to-face or back-to-back. The two bodies in a dyad flickered at frequency F1 and F2, respectively, and appeared together at a third frequency Fd (dyad frequency). This stimulation should elicit a periodic neural response for each body at F1 and F2, and a third response at Fd, which would be larger for face-to-face (vs. back-to-back) bodies, if those stimuli yield additional integrative processing. Results showed that responses at F1 and F2 were higher for upright than for inverted bodies, demonstrating that our paradigm could capture neural activity associated with viewing bodies. Crucially, the response to dyads at Fd was larger for face-to-face (vs. back-to-back) dyads, suggesting integration mediated by grouping. We propose that spatial relations that recur in social interaction (i.e., facingness) promote binding of multiple bodies into a new representation. This mechanism can explain how the visual system contributes to integrating and transforming the representation of disconnected body shapes into structured representations of social events.

scholarly journals Visual perception grounding of social cognition in preverbal infants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liuba Papeo ◽  
Goupi Nicolas ◽  
Jean-Rémy Hochmann
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Relative Positioning ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Social ◽  
Socially Relevant ◽  
Spatial Positioning ◽  
Social Entities

Social life is inherently relational, entailing the ability to recognize and monitor not only the social entities in the visual world, but also the relations between those entities. In the first months of life, visual perception already shows to privilege -i.e., to process with the highest priority and efficiency- socially relevant entities such as faces and bodies. Here, we show that within the sixth month of life, infants also discriminate between different configurations of multiple human bodies, based on the internal visuo-spatial relations between bodies, cuing, or not, interaction. We measured the differential looking times between two images of the same body dyad, differing only for the relative spatial positioning of the two bodies. Results showed that infants discriminated between face-to-face and back-to-back body dyads (Experiment 1), and treated face-to-face dyads (but not back-to-back dyads) with the same efficiency (i.e., processing speed) of single bodies (Experiment 2). Looking times for dyads with one body facing another without reciprocation, were comparable to looking times for face-to-face dyads, and differed from looking times to back-to-back dyads, suggesting a general discrimination between presence versus absence of relation (Experiment 3). Infants' discrimination of images based on relative positioning of items was selective to body dyads, and did not generalize to body-object pairs (Experiment 4). We suggest that the infants' early sensitivity to the relative positioning of bodies in a scene is a building block of social cognition, preparing the discovery of the keel and backbone of social life: relations.

scholarly journals Twos in human visual perception

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liuba Papeo
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
Human Visual Perception ◽  
Body Perception ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Social ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Social Entities ◽  
Increased Activity

Human vision serves the social function of detecting and discriminating with high efficiency conspecifics and other animals. The social world is made of social entities as much as the relations between those entities. Recent work demonstrates that vision encodes visuo-spatial relations between bodies with the same efficiency and high specialization of face/body perception. Specifically, perception of face-to-face (vs. non-facing) bodies evokes effects compatible with the most robust markers of face-specificity such as the behavioral inversion effect and increased activity in selective visual areas. Another set of results suggests that face-to-face bodies are processed as a grouped unit, analogously to facial features in a face. The facing dyad in the visual cortex may be the earliest rudimentary representation of social interaction.

Gastric cancer is the world's second-largest death cause. Peptides can be used to deliver radiation or other fatal chemicals to tumors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moataz Dowaidar
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
High Specific Activity ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Targeting Ability ◽  
Therapeutic Research

Gastric cancer is the world's second-largest death cause. Developing suitable medical therapies can help individuals live longer. So far, GC treatment has depended on several pharmaceutical techniques. Chemotherapy and surgery are GC patients' most frequent treatment choices. The most major hurdles to effective GC therapy are chemotherapeutic resistance and non-selective targeting. Recent GC-targeted therapeutic research has focused on building more selective and effective anti-GC pharmacological approaches. Because molecular focused therapy can greatly exacerbate the current inefficacy of normal GC therapy procedures, peptide base synthesis can be used as a carrier to deliver radiation or other fatal chemicals to tumor locations with precise protein overexpression. Different types of peptides with special binding affinity to GC overexpressed receptors have been identified for targeted therapy and imaging. Although some of these peptides have excellent GC targeting ability, they also need great GC penetration capacity and no systemic in vivo toxicity before they can be employed in clinical studies. One of these peptides' most notable limitations is their short plasma half-life, limiting their efficient delivery to tumor locations. Sluggish binding pharmacokinetics, along with in vivo instability, can produce targeted treatment failure. Using an appropriate modification strategy to boost blood circulation time may be advantageous.The key to producing successful, innovative anti-cancer targeting drugs with specific targeting capabilities is to mark the peptide with distinct diagnostic and therapeutic radioisotopes. Although a peptide's radiolabeling or enzymatic degradation may not affect its targeting capabilities, the radiation dose delivery impact on it is obvious. Selecting an appropriate type of radionuclide to achieve high-specific activity, using a simple and high-efficiency radiolabeling process, and selecting an adequate spacer and chelator to manage peptide biodistribution are all important considerations when designing a peptide-based radiopharmaceutical. High internalization and significant systemic circulation washout are other essential tumor targeting needs. Many of the peptides described in this work lack these critical features. The radiolabeled peptide should also remain intact and have a short blood washout period, allowing targeted imaging and therapy. SPECT and PET are the most extensively used technologies in nuclear medicine. Although PET has a greater resolution, SPECT technology gives a comparable sensitivity at a lesser cost. Combining fast binding pharmacokinetics with suitable stability in vivo can result in efficient tumor contrast. Non-target liver and kidney accumulation is required when employing radiolabeled peptides to target GC. When a radiolabeled peptide accumulates more in the liver and intestine than in the GC tumor, the image quality degrades. However, using the proper chelator and spacer can assist decrease non-target accumulation in the kidneys. Finally, considering all these conditions and being positive, it is conceivable to produce a unique peptide with avid binding to GC cells.

scholarly journals Production of Sm-153 With Very High Specific Activity for Targeted Radionuclide Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiel Van de Voorde ◽  
Charlotte Duchemin ◽  
Reinhard Heinke ◽  
Laura Lambert ◽  
Eric Chevallay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Irradiation ◽  
Radionuclide Therapy ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Separation Efficiency ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
High Specific Activity ◽  
Mass Separation ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Targeted Radionuclide Therapy ◽  
Very High

Samarium-153 (153Sm) is a highly interesting radionuclide within the field of targeted radionuclide therapy because of its favorable decay characteristics. 153Sm has a half-life of 1.93 d and decays into a stable daughter nuclide (153Eu) whereupon β− particles [E = 705 keV (30%), 635 keV (50%)] are emitted which are suitable for therapy. 153Sm also emits γ photons [103 keV (28%)] allowing for SPECT imaging, which is of value in theranostics. However, the full potential of 153Sm in nuclear medicine is currently not being exploited because of the radionuclide's limited specific activity due to its carrier added production route. In this work a new production method was developed to produce 153Sm with higher specific activity, allowing for its potential use in targeted radionuclide therapy. 153Sm was efficiently produced via neutron irradiation of a highly enriched 152Sm target (98.7% enriched, σth = 206 b) in the BR2 reactor at SCK CEN. Irradiated target materials were shipped to CERN-MEDICIS, where 153Sm was isolated from the 152Sm target via mass separation (MS) in combination with laser resonance enhanced ionization to drastically increase the specific activity. The specific activity obtained was 1.87 TBq/mg (≈ 265 times higher after the end of irradiation in BR2 + cooling). An overall mass separation efficiency of 4.5% was reached on average for all mass separations. Further radiochemical purification steps were developed at SCK CEN to recover the 153Sm from the MS target to yield a solution ready for radiolabeling. Each step of the radiochemical process was fully analyzed and characterized for further optimization resulting in a high efficiency (overall recovery: 84%). The obtained high specific activity (HSA) 153Sm was then used in radiolabeling experiments with different concentrations of 4-isothiocyanatobenzyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane tetraacetic acid (p-SCN-Bn-DOTA). Even at low concentrations of p-SCN-Bn-DOTA, radiolabeling of 0.5 MBq of HSA 153Sm was found to be efficient. In this proof-of-concept study, we demonstrated the potential to combine neutron irradiation with mass separation to supply high specific activity 153Sm. Using this process, 153SmCl3 suitable for radiolabeling, was produced with a very high specific activity allowing application of 153Sm in targeted radionuclide therapy. Further studies to incorporate 153Sm in radiopharmaceuticals for targeted radionuclide therapy are ongoing.

Use of a Shielded Low Resolution Gamma Spectrometer for Segregation of Free Release and Low Level Waste

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Wilkins ◽  
E. Alvarez ◽  
J. Cocks ◽  
L. Davison ◽  
A. Mattinson
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Low Resolution ◽  
Measurement Sensitivity ◽  
Radiation Background ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Monitoring Process ◽  
Waste Repository ◽  
The Uk

In the UK, low level radioactive waste (LLW) is sent to the national Low Level Waste Repository (LLWR) at Drigg in Cumbria. Strict rules limit the specific activity of waste that is sent to the LLW Repository and waste producers and consignors have to demonstrate that the waste they send to the repository meets its conditions for acceptance. However, the limited capacity of the Low Level Waste Repository means that it is just as important for waste consigners to ensure that inactive ‘free release’ or ‘exempt’ waste is not inadvertently sent to the repository. Incorrect segregation of waste in a decommissioning activity can mean that large amounts of the waste produced is below the exemption limit and could therefore be disposed of in conventional landfill. Sellafield Ltd. is using a pair of Canberra WM2750 Clearance Monitors to assay 100 litre packages of soft waste produced in some of their decommissioning activities at Sellafield. The WM2750 uses low resolution gamma spectrometry (LRGS) to determine the radionuclide content of packages or drums of LLW up to a maximum of 140 litre capacity. It uses a lead shielded measurement chamber to reduce the local radiation background along with high efficiency sodium iodide (NaI) detectors in order to obtain the measurement sensitivity required to be able to distinguish between LLW and exempt waste in a measurement time of less than 1 minute per package. This paper describes the waste monitoring process and the design of the clearance monitor — in particular how it was calibrated and the performance testing that was carried out to ensure that waste items identified by the monitors as being exempt waste are suitable for disposal to a conventional landfill site.

scholarly journals Optimization of an In Vitro Transcription/Translation System Based on Sulfolobus solfataricus Cell Lysate

Archaea ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giada Lo Gullo ◽  
Rosanna Mattossovich ◽  
Giuseppe Perugino ◽  
Anna La Teana ◽  
Paola Londei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Sulfolobus Solfataricus ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Translation System ◽  
Cell Lysate ◽  
Cell Extracts

A system is described which permits the efficient synthesis of proteins in vitro at high temperature. It is based on the use of an unfractionated cell lysate (S30) from Sulfolobus solfataricus previously well characterized in our laboratory for translation of pretranscribed mRNAs, and now adapted to perform coupled transcription and translation. The essential element in this expression system is a strong promoter derived from the S. solfataricus 16S/23S rRNA-encoding gene, from which specific mRNAs may be transcribed with high efficiency. The synthesis of two different proteins is reported, including the S. solfataricus DNA-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyl-transferase protein (SsOGT), which is shown to be successfully labeled with appropriate fluorescent substrates and visualized in cell extracts. The simplicity of the experimental procedure and specific activity of the proteins offer a number of possibilities for the study of structure-function relationships of proteins.

scholarly journals Using Sociological Images to Develop the Sociological Imagination

2021 ◽  
pp. 0092055X2110545
Author(s):  
Georgiana Bostean ◽  
Lisa Leitz
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Student Assessment ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Learning Goals ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Online Course ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Regional University ◽  
Lower Division

We present a two-assignment series that developed students’ sociological imaginations and that could be done in a face-to-face or online course. The series used the Sociological Images blog and students’ own visual images (e.g., photographs) to meet course learning goals: (1) link sociological theories and concepts to social events/trends, (2) apply these ideas to real life by identifying sociologically relevant images in daily life, and (3) communicate sociological analysis in academic and popular written forms. The use of a blog encourages students to embrace public sociology. We present faculty and student assessment data (pretest from nonequivalent comparisons group) from six lower division sociology classes at a regional university (N = 157). Students entered with little a priori ability to examine images using a sociological lens, and students who completed the series successfully applied sociological concepts and theories to critically examine elements of their lives, achieving core sociology disciplinary learning goals.

scholarly journals Food Safety Through Application of an E-Learning Platform

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-31
Author(s):  
Mihaela Adriana Tita ◽  
Otto Ketney ◽  
Tamosaitiene Loreta
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Online Education ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Learning Platform ◽  
Final Assessment ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Promotion Rate

AbstractThe paper investigates the effectiveness of a continuing online education course for the professionals, who provides information on the food safety working group from "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu, formed by students (specialization: Engineering and Management in Public Food and Agro-tourism), persons looking for a job (unemployed) and people who works in the food industry. Piloting materials was made both face to face and online. The knowledges was measured using evaluation tests after each lesson and through a final assessment test. The results of the promotion rate was over 90%, which indicates a high efficiency in terms of piloting materials adapted by teachers from the "Lucian Blaga" University.

scholarly journals Highly Efficient Micro-Scale Liquid-Liquid In-Flow Extraction of 99mTc from Molybdenum

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (18) ◽  
pp. 5699
Author(s):  
Petra Martini ◽  
Licia Uccelli ◽  
Adriano Duatti ◽  
Lorenza Marvelli ◽  
Juan Esposito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Flow Chemistry ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Lab On Chip ◽  
Micro Scale ◽  
Extraction And Separation ◽  
On Chip ◽  
First Time

The trend to achieve even more compact-sized systems is leading to the development of micro-scale reactors (lab-on-chip) in the field of radiochemical separation and radiopharmaceutical production. Technetium-99m extraction from both high and low specific activity molybdenum could be simply performed by MEK-driven solvent extraction if it were not for unpractical automation. The aim of this work is to develop a solvent extraction and separation process of technetium from molybdenum in a micro-scale in-flow chemistry regime with the aid of a capillary loop and a membrane-based separator, respectively. The developed system is able to extract and separate quantitatively and selectively (91.0 ± 1.8% decay corrected) the [99mTc]TcO4Na in about 20 min, by using a ZAIPUT separator device. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time in our knowledge the high efficiency of a MEK-based solvent extraction process of 99mTc from a molybdenum-based liquid phased in an in-flow micro-scale regime.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document