scholarly journals Spatial Relations Trigger Visual Binding of People

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Parvaneh Adibpour ◽  
Jean-Rémy Hochmann ◽  
Liuba Papeo
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Visual Binding ◽  
Socially Relevant ◽  
Spatial Positioning ◽  
Integrative Processing ◽  
Two Bodies

Abstract To navigate the social world, humans must represent social entities and the relationships between those entities, starting with spatial relationships. Recent research suggests that two bodies are processed with particularly high efficiency in visual perception, when they are in a spatial positioning that cues interaction, that is, close and face-to-face. Socially relevant spatial relations such as facingness may facilitate visual perception by triggering grouping of bodies into a new integrated percept, which would make the stimuli more visible and easier to process. We used EEG and a frequency-tagging paradigm to measure a neural correlate of grouping (or visual binding), while female and male participants saw images of two bodies face-to-face or back-to-back. The two bodies in a dyad flickered at frequency F1 and F2, respectively, and appeared together at a third frequency Fd (dyad frequency). This stimulation should elicit a periodic neural response for each body at F1 and F2, and a third response at Fd, which would be larger for face-to-face (vs. back-to-back) bodies, if those stimuli yield additional integrative processing. Results showed that responses at F1 and F2 were higher for upright than for inverted bodies, demonstrating that our paradigm could capture neural activity associated with viewing bodies. Crucially, the response to dyads at Fd was larger for face-to-face (vs. back-to-back) dyads, suggesting integration mediated by grouping. We propose that spatial relations that recur in social interaction (i.e., facingness) promote binding of multiple bodies into a new representation. This mechanism can explain how the visual system contributes to integrating and transforming the representation of disconnected body shapes into structured representations of social events.

scholarly journals Spatial relations trigger visual binding of people

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parvaneh Adibpour ◽  
Jean-Rémy Hochmann ◽  
Liuba Papeo
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Visual Binding ◽  
Spatial Positioning ◽  
Integrative Processing ◽  
Two Bodies

AbstractTo navigate the social world, humans must represent social entities, and the relationships between those entities, starting with the spatial relationships. Recent research suggests that two bodies are processed with particularly high efficiency in visual perception, when they are in a spatial positioning that cues interaction, i.e. close and face-to-face. Socially relevant spatial relations such as facingness may facilitate visual perception by triggering grouping of bodies into a new integrated percept, which would make the stimuli more visible and easier to process. We used electroencephalography and a frequency-tagging paradigm to measure a neural correlate of grouping (or visual binding), while female and male participants saw images of two bodies face-to-face or back-to-back. The two bodies in a dyad flickered at the frequencies F1 and F2, respectively, and appeared together at a third frequency Fd (dyad frequency). This stimulation should elicit a periodic neural response for each single body at F1 and F2, and a third response at Fd, which would be larger for face-to-face (vs. back-to-back) bodies, if those stimuli yield additional integrative processing. Results showed that responses at F1 and F2 were higher for upright than for inverted bodies, demonstrating that our paradigm could capture body-specific activity. Crucially, the response to dyads at Fd was larger for face-to-face (vs. back-to-back) dyads, suggesting integration mediated by grouping. Thus, spatial relations that recur in social interaction (i.e., facingness) may promote binding of multiple bodies into a new representation. This mechanism can explain how the visual system contributes to integrating and transforming the representation of disconnected individual body-shapes into structured representations of social events.

scholarly journals Visual perception grounding of social cognition in preverbal infants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liuba Papeo ◽  
Goupi Nicolas ◽  
Jean-Rémy Hochmann
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Relative Positioning ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Social ◽  
Socially Relevant ◽  
Spatial Positioning ◽  
Social Entities

Social life is inherently relational, entailing the ability to recognize and monitor not only the social entities in the visual world, but also the relations between those entities. In the first months of life, visual perception already shows to privilege -i.e., to process with the highest priority and efficiency- socially relevant entities such as faces and bodies. Here, we show that within the sixth month of life, infants also discriminate between different configurations of multiple human bodies, based on the internal visuo-spatial relations between bodies, cuing, or not, interaction. We measured the differential looking times between two images of the same body dyad, differing only for the relative spatial positioning of the two bodies. Results showed that infants discriminated between face-to-face and back-to-back body dyads (Experiment 1), and treated face-to-face dyads (but not back-to-back dyads) with the same efficiency (i.e., processing speed) of single bodies (Experiment 2). Looking times for dyads with one body facing another without reciprocation, were comparable to looking times for face-to-face dyads, and differed from looking times to back-to-back dyads, suggesting a general discrimination between presence versus absence of relation (Experiment 3). Infants' discrimination of images based on relative positioning of items was selective to body dyads, and did not generalize to body-object pairs (Experiment 4). We suggest that the infants' early sensitivity to the relative positioning of bodies in a scene is a building block of social cognition, preparing the discovery of the keel and backbone of social life: relations.

scholarly journals The representation of two-body shapes in the human visual cortex

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abassi Etienne ◽  
Papeo Liuba
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Visual Sensitivity ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
Body Perception ◽  
Body Postures ◽  
Perceptual Analysis ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
Socially Relevant

AbstractHuman social nature has shaped visual perception. A signature of the relationship between vision and sociality is a particular visual sensitivity to social entities such as faces and bodies. We asked whether human vision also exhibits a special sensitivity to spatial relations that reliably correlate with social relations. In general, interacting people are more often situated face-to-face than back-to-back. Using functional MRI and behavioral measures in female and male human participants, we show that visual sensitivity to social stimuli extends to images including two bodies facing toward (vs. away from) each other. In particular, the inferior lateral occipital cortex, which is involved in visual-object perception, is organized such that the inferior portion encodes the number of bodies (one vs. two) and the superior portion is selectively sensitive to the spatial relation between bodies (facing vs. non-facing). Moreover, functionally localized, body-selective visual cortex responded to facing bodies more strongly than identical, but non-facing, bodies. In this area, multivariate pattern analysis revealed an accurate representation of body dyads with sharpening of the representation of single-body postures in facing dyads, which demonstrates an effect of visual context on the perceptual analysis of a body. Finally, the cost of body inversion (upside-down rotation) on body recognition, a behavioral signature of a specialized mechanism for body perception, was larger for facing vs. non-facing dyads. Thus, spatial relations between multiple bodies are encoded in regions for body perception and affect the way in which bodies are processed.Public Significance StatementHuman social nature has shaped visual perception. Here, we show that human vision is not only attuned to socially relevant entities, such as bodies, but also to socially relevant spatial relations between those entities. Body-selective regions of visual cortex respond more strongly to multiple bodies that appear to be interacting (i.e., face-to-face), relative to unrelated bodies, and more accurately represent single body postures in interacting scenarios. Moreover, recognition of facing bodies is particularly susceptible to perturbation by upside-down rotation, indicative of a particular visual sensitivity to the canonical appearance of facing bodies. This encoding of relations between multiple bodies in areas for body-shape recognition suggests that the visual context in which a body is encountered deeply affects its perceptual analysis.

scholarly journals Twos in human visual perception

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liuba Papeo
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
Human Visual Perception ◽  
Body Perception ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Social ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Social Entities ◽  
Increased Activity

Human vision serves the social function of detecting and discriminating with high efficiency conspecifics and other animals. The social world is made of social entities as much as the relations between those entities. Recent work demonstrates that vision encodes visuo-spatial relations between bodies with the same efficiency and high specialization of face/body perception. Specifically, perception of face-to-face (vs. non-facing) bodies evokes effects compatible with the most robust markers of face-specificity such as the behavioral inversion effect and increased activity in selective visual areas. Another set of results suggests that face-to-face bodies are processed as a grouped unit, analogously to facial features in a face. The facing dyad in the visual cortex may be the earliest rudimentary representation of social interaction.

scholarly journals Using Sociological Images to Develop the Sociological Imagination

2021 ◽  
pp. 0092055X2110545
Author(s):  
Georgiana Bostean ◽  
Lisa Leitz
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Student Assessment ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Learning Goals ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Online Course ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Regional University ◽  
Lower Division

We present a two-assignment series that developed students’ sociological imaginations and that could be done in a face-to-face or online course. The series used the Sociological Images blog and students’ own visual images (e.g., photographs) to meet course learning goals: (1) link sociological theories and concepts to social events/trends, (2) apply these ideas to real life by identifying sociologically relevant images in daily life, and (3) communicate sociological analysis in academic and popular written forms. The use of a blog encourages students to embrace public sociology. We present faculty and student assessment data (pretest from nonequivalent comparisons group) from six lower division sociology classes at a regional university (N = 157). Students entered with little a priori ability to examine images using a sociological lens, and students who completed the series successfully applied sociological concepts and theories to critically examine elements of their lives, achieving core sociology disciplinary learning goals.

scholarly journals Food Safety Through Application of an E-Learning Platform

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-31
Author(s):  
Mihaela Adriana Tita ◽  
Otto Ketney ◽  
Tamosaitiene Loreta
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Online Education ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Learning Platform ◽  
Final Assessment ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Promotion Rate

AbstractThe paper investigates the effectiveness of a continuing online education course for the professionals, who provides information on the food safety working group from "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu, formed by students (specialization: Engineering and Management in Public Food and Agro-tourism), persons looking for a job (unemployed) and people who works in the food industry. Piloting materials was made both face to face and online. The knowledges was measured using evaluation tests after each lesson and through a final assessment test. The results of the promotion rate was over 90%, which indicates a high efficiency in terms of piloting materials adapted by teachers from the "Lucian Blaga" University.

scholarly journals Hyperbolic graphene framework with optimum efficiency for conductive composites

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoting Liu ◽  
Kai Pang ◽  
Yingjun Liu ◽  
Chao Gao ◽  
Zhen Xu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Management ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Design Space ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Conductive Filler ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Conductive Composites ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Thermally Conductive ◽  
Multifunctional Nanocomposites

Abstract Constructing conductive filler networks with high efficiency is essential to fabricating functional polymer composites. Although two-dimensional (2D) sheets have prevailed in nanocomposites, their efficiency in enhancing conductive functions seems to reach the limit, as if merely addressing the dispersion homogeneity. Here, we exploit the unrecognized geometrical curvature of 2D sheets to break the efficiency limit of filler systems. The hyperbolic curvature meditates the incompatibility between 2D topology and 3D filler space and holds the efficient conductive path through face-to-face contact. The hyperbolic graphene framework exhibits the record efficiency in enhancing electrically and thermally conductive functions of nanocomposites. At volume loading of only 1.6%, the thermal and electrical conductivities reach 31.6 W/(mK) and 13,911 S/m, respectively. Nanocomposites with hyperbolic graphene framework exhibit great potentials in thermal management, sensing and electromagnetic shielding. Our work presents a geometrically optimal filler system to break the efficiency limit of multifunctional nanocomposites and broadens the structural design space of 2D sheets by curvature modulation to meet more applications.

scholarly journals Penerimaan dan Penyelarasan Fatwa Muzakarah Jawatankuasa Fatwa Majlis Kebangsaan bagi Hal Ehwal Ugama Islam Malaysia oleh Negeri-Negeri

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-66
Author(s):  
Mohd Nasran Mohamad ◽  
Zulfaqar Mamat
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
The State ◽  
National Council ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Press ◽  
Two Bodies

The question of acceptance by the states for fatwa issued by the Discourse Of The National Council of Fatwa Committee Pertaining Islamic Religious Affairs (MJFK) is often raised in the press. Fatwa difference between the two bodies are often hotly discussed issue. The goal of this study was to examine the views of those who directly involved in the discussions and production process at the MJFK level or at the state level about the acceptance and coordination of MJFK fatwa by the states. This study is qualitative study used face to face interviews and the method of this interviews is semi-structured interview. Eleven participants in the study (PK) samples who are chosen as purposive sampling from the members of the MJFK and Mufti Department of the States. The study found that fatwa issued by MJFK are referred   by the states, mostly are accepted but there are some issues that are not accepted due to the power of the state to accept or reject the fatwa of MJFK according to its priority. In addition, there are also differences due to ijtihad factors among the members, the differences in the existing policies in the state and administrative problems in the Mufti Department of the States. Several efforts have been drafted by the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) as the secretariat of MJFK and Mufti Department of the States to improve the coordination about fatwa as well as to improve the management system, increase the numbers of meetings, upgrade the officers knowledge and skills and broaden understanding of fatwa among the members and society. Keywords: Fatwa, standardisation of fatwa, ijtihad, MJFK Abstrak Persoalan mengenai penerimaan negeri-negeri terhadap fatwa yang dikeluarkan Muzakarah Jawatankuasa Fatwa Majlis Kebangsaan Bagi Hal Ehwal Ugama Islam Malaysia (MJFK) seringkali ditimbulkan dalam akhbar. Aspek perbezaan fatwa antara keduanya seringkali menjadi isu yang hangat dibincangkan. Matlamat kajian ini ialah untuk meneliti pandangan mereka-mereka yang terlibat secara langsung dalam proses perbincangan dan penghasilan fatwa di peringkat MJFK maupun di peringkat negeri mengenai penerimaan dan penyelarasan fatwa MJFK oleh negeri-negeri. Ia dijalankan secara kualitatif melibatkan kaedah temubual separa berstruktur (semi structured interviews) terhadap sebelas peserta kajian (PK) yang telah dipilih secara sampel bertujuan (purposive sampling) dari kalangan ahli-ahli MJFK dan Jabatan Mufti Negeri-Negeri. Hasil kajian mendapati rujukan terhadap fatwa MJFK sememangnya dibuat oleh negeri-negeri, kebanyakannya diterima tetapi terdapat sesetengah isu yang tidak diterima disebabkan kuasa yang ada pada negeri untuk menerima atau menolak fatwa MJFK mengikut keperluannya. Selain itu, berlaku juga perbezaan disebabkan faktor ijtihad di kalangan ahli-ahli, perbezaan dalam dasar sedia ada di negeri dan masalah pentadbiran fatwa di negeri-negeri. Beberapa usaha telah dirangka oleh Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (JAKIM) selaku urusetia MJFK bersama Jabatan Mufti untuk meningkatkan penyelarasan fatwa seperti menambahbaik sistem pengurusan fatwa, memperbanyakkan mesyuarat penyelarasan, meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kemahiran pegawai-pegawai fatwa serta meluaskan kefahaman fatwa kepada ahli-ahli muzakarah dan masyarakat. Kata Kunci: Fatwa, penyelarasan fatwa, ijtihad, MJFK

scholarly journals devir-professor brasileiro em tempos de pandemia

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 01-18
Author(s):  
Meirilene Dos santos araújo Barbosa ◽  
Laís Helena Garcia ◽  
Ana maria Monte coelho Frota
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Teacher Formation ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Social Events ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Historical Moment ◽  
Type Of School ◽  
Pedagogic Theory

This paper seeks to explore the processes involved in becoming a teacher in this particular historical moment of global pandemic in Brazil. What are the challenges, limitations, possibilities and opportunities that the pandemic presents to the process of teaching work and teacher formation? A review of the literature that included contributions from Caponi (2020), Kohan (2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2017), Larrosa (2018), Neuscharank (2020), Vaz (2012), Arroyo (2012) and Abramowicz (2017) suggests a dialogue between pedagogic theory, philosophy of education and the contemporary experience of political and social events in the pandemic period The discussions reviewed explore the profound extent to which Covid-19 has affected our way of living, working and relating to others, and the psychological effects of social isolation. The situation demands from the Brazilian teacher an attitude of openness to change, specifically in the use of new technologies, and the extent to which they are or are not able to replace face-to-face interactions. The situation also challenges us to reconstruct, beyond the logic of neoliberalism, our notions of the type of school we have and type of school we want, the type of teachers we are and the type of teacher we want to be. We conclude that this process of thinking school again depends, if it is to escape neoliberal logic, on the capacity of understanding the vocation of the teacher to be one of “becoming-child” in the sense of experiencing an openness to and a desire for the new. As such, the “becoming-teacher” is one who allows herself to be addressed by another logic, another more sensitive and more aesthetic temporality, and who finds, in encounter with others, with art, with childhood, with becoming itself, the capacity to think, to resist, to fight for the realization of that logic. 

scholarly journals Seeing social events: The visual specialization for dyadic human-human interactions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liuba Papeo ◽  
Etienne Abassi
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Visual Sensitivity ◽  
Backward Masking ◽  
Social Events ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Configural Representations ◽  
Selective Sensitivity ◽  
Two Bodies ◽  
Detection And Recognition

Detection and recognition of social interactions unfolding in the surroundings is as vital as detection and recognition of faces, bodies, and animate entities in general. We have demonstrated that the visual system is particularly sensitive to a configuration with two bodies facing each other as if interacting. In four experiments using backward masking on healthy adults, we investigated the properties of this dyadic visual representation. We measured the inversion effect (IE), the cost on recognition, of seeing bodies upside-down as opposed to upright, as an index of visual sensitivity: the greater the visual sensitivity, the greater the IE. The IE was increased for facing (vs. nonfacing) dyads, whether the head/face direction was visible or not, which implies that visual sensitivity concerns two bodies, not just two faces/heads. Moreover, the difference in IE for facing vs. nonfacing dyads disappeared when one body was replaced by another object. This implies selective sensitivity to a body facing another body, as opposed to a body facing anything. Finally, the IE was reduced when reciprocity was eliminated (one body faced another but the latter faced away). Thus, the visual system is sensitive selectively to dyadic configurations that approximate a prototypical social exchange with two bodies spatially close and mutually accessible to one another. These findings reveal visual configural representations encompassing multiple objects, which could provide fast and automatic parsing of complex relationships beyond individual faces or bodies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document