scholarly journals Human genomics of the humoral immune response against polyomaviruses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Hodel ◽  
A.Y. Chong ◽  
P. Scepanovic ◽  
Z.M. Xu ◽  
O. Naret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Jc Virus ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Bk Virus ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Human Polyomavirus ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Humoral Immune

AbstractHuman polyomaviruses are widespread in human populations and are able to cause severe disease in immunocompromised individuals. There remains an incomplete understanding of the potential impact of human genetic variation on inter-individual responses to polyomaviruses.To identify human genetic determinants of the humoral immune response against polyomaviruses, we performed genome-wide association studies and meta-analyses of qualitative and quantitative immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses against the major capsid protein VP1 of Human polyomavirus 6 (HPyV6), BK virus (BKPyV), JC virus (JCPyV), Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV) and WU polyomavirus (WUPyV), in a total of 15,660 individuals of European ancestry from CoLaus, UK Biobank and GRAS, three independent studies.We observed significant associations for all tested viruses: JCPyV, HPyV6 and MCPyV associated with HLA class II variation; BKPyV and JCPyV with variants in the FUT2 gene, responsible for secretor status; MCPyV with variants in the STING1 gene, involved in interferon induction; and WUPyV with a functional variant in the MUC1 gene, previously associated with risk for gastric cancer.These results provide insights into the genetic control of a family of very prevalent human viruses, highlighting genes and pathways that play a modulating role in human humoral immunity.

scholarly journals Analysis of Polygenic Score Usage and Performance in Diverse Human Populations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
LE Duncan ◽  
H Shen ◽  
B Gelaye ◽  
KJ Ressler ◽  
MW Feldman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
African Ancestry ◽  
Population Level ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Polygenic Score ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
Polygenic Scores

AbstractStudies examining relationships between genotypic and phenotypic variation have historically been carried out on people of European ancestry. Efforts are underway to address this limitation, but until they succeed, the legacy of a Euro-centric bias will continue to hinder research, including the use of polygenic scores, which are individual-level metrics of genetic risk. Ongoing debate surrounds the generalizability of polygenic scores based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted in European ancestry samples, to non-European ancestry samples. We analyzed the first decade of polygenic scoring studies (2008-2017, inclusive), and found that 67% of studies included exclusively European ancestry participants and another 19% included only East Asian ancestry participants. Only 3.8% of studies were carried out on samples of African, Hispanic, or Indigenous peoples. We find that effect sizes for European ancestry-derived polygenic scores are only 36% as large in African ancestry samples, as in European ancestry samples (t=−10.056, df=22, p=5.5×10−10). Analyzing global populations, we show that relationships between height polygenic scores and height are highly dependent on methodological choices in polygenic score construction, highlighting the need for caution in interpreting population level differences in distributions of polygenic scores, as currently calculated. These findings bolster the rationale for large-scale GWAS in diverse human populations and highlight the need for better handling of linkage disequilibrium and variant frequencies when applying scores to non-European samples.

scholarly journals Biological Significance of Anti–SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e935
Author(s):  
Navid Manouchehri ◽  
Lawrence Steinman ◽  
Olaf Stuve
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Jc Virus ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Cell Detection ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Humoral Immune

ObjectiveTo discuss the pathogenic and diagnostic relevance of cellular and humoral immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome novel coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) and pertinent observations made in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).MethodsReview of pertinent literature.ResultsThere is at least 1 precedent for an antibody response against a viral pathogen that fails to provide host protection in the absence of immune-competent CD4+ T cells. PML is an infection of the CNS caused by JC virus (JCV), which commonly occurs during treatment with the therapeutic monoclonal antibody natalizumab. In this context, the humoral immune response fails to prevent JCV reactivation, and elevated anti-JCV serum indices are associated with a higher PML incidence. The more relevant immune-competent cells in host defense against JCV appear to be T cells. T cell–mediated responses are also detectable in convalescing patients with SARS-COV-2 irrespective of the humoral immune response.ConclusionBased on pathogenic lessons learned from PML under natalizumab therapy, we suggest the incorporation of functional assays that determine neutralizing properties of SARS-CoV-2–specific antibodies. In addition, we outline the potential role of T-cell detection assays in determining herd immunity in a given population or in studying therapeutic responses to vaccines.

Role of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis outer proteins (Yops) in murine humoral immune response

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. L. Maia ◽  
L. G. S. Monnazzi ◽  
B. M. M. Medeiros
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
Humoral Immune

scholarly journals Diagnostic and analytical performance evaluation of ten commercial assays for detecting SARS-CoV-2 humoral immune response

2021 ◽  
pp. 113043
Author(s):  
Marnix Mylemans ◽  
Eveline Van Honacker ◽  
Louis Nevejan ◽  
Stefanie van den Bremt ◽  
Laura Hofman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Analytical Performance ◽  
Humoral Immune

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibodies in tear fluid

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000733
Author(s):  
Astrid Muyldermans ◽  
Maria Bjerke ◽  
Thomas Demuyser ◽  
Deborah De Geyter ◽  
Ingrid Wybo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Tear Fluid ◽  
Local Response ◽  
Schirmer Test ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Ocular Symptoms

Background/aimsSARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious. More evidence concerning extrapulmonary transmission routes such as the eyes is urgently needed. Although the humoral immune response is important in the viral containment, the local response in tears has not yet been studied. The aim of our study was twofold: to assess the prevalence of both SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibodies in tear fluid.MethodsIn a first series, nasopharyngeal sampling and tear sampling by Schirmer test strips were performed in 26 acutely ill patients with COVID-19 to assess the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by reverse transcription PCR. In a second series, IgG and IgA responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in serum and tear fluid of convalescent individuals (n=22) were compared with control individuals (n=15) by ELISA.ResultsSARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in tears of 7/26 (26.9%) patients with COVID-19. None of them had ocular symptoms. Convalescent individuals displayed a significant higher ratio of IgG (p<0.0001) and IgA (p=0.0068) in tears compared with control individuals. A sensitivity of 77.3% and specificity of 93.3% was observed for IgG, and 59.1% and 100% for IgA.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and a local IgG and IgA immune response in tear fluid. These data confirm the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through tear fluid and the importance of the eye as a first defence against SARS-CoV-2, indicating the potential of tears as a non-invasive surrogate for serum in monitoring the host immune response.

scholarly journals Maternally Derived Antibody Levels Influence on Vaccine Protection against PCV2d Challenge

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2231
Author(s):  
István Kiss ◽  
Krisztina Szigeti ◽  
Zalán G. Homonnay ◽  
Vivien Tamás ◽  
Han Smits ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Subunit Vaccine ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Vaccine Protection ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Antibody Levels

Piglets from a porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) stable farm of low and high levels of maternally derived antibodies (MDA) against PCV2 were vaccinated either with a whole virus type or a PCV2 ORF2 antigen-based commercial subunit vaccine at three weeks of age. Two non-vaccinated groups served as low and high MDA positive controls. At four weeks post vaccination, all piglets were challenged with a PCV2d-2 type virus strain and were checked for parameters related to vaccine protection over a four-week observation period. MDA levels evidently impacted the outcome of the PCV2d-2 challenge in non-vaccinated animals, while it did not have a significant effect on vaccine-induced protection levels. The humoral immune response developed faster in the whole virus vaccinates than in the subunit vaccinated pigs in the low MDA groups. Further, high MDA levels elicited a stronger negative effect on the vaccine-induced humoral immune response for the subunit vaccine than for the whole virus vaccine. The group-based oral fluid samples and the group mean viraemia and faecal shedding data correlated well, enabling this simple, and animal welfare-friendly sampling method for the evaluation of the PCV2 viral load status of these nursery piglets.

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