scholarly journals Insula cortex gates the interplay of action observation and preparation for controlled imitation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan E. J. Campbell ◽  
Vinh T. Nguyen ◽  
Ross Cunnington ◽  
Michael Breakspear
Keyword(s):  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Anterior Insula ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Early Motion ◽  
Insula Cortex

AbstractPerceiving, anticipating and responding to the actions of another person are fundamentally entwined processes such that seeing another’s movement can prompt automatic imitation, as in social mimicry and contagious yawning. Yet the direct-matching of others’ movements is not always appropriate, so this tendency must be controlled. This necessitates the hierarchical integration of the systems for action mirroring with domain-general control networks. Here we use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and computational modelling to examine the top-down and context-dependent modulation of mirror representations and their influence on motor planning. Participants performed actions that either intentionally or incidentally imitated, or counter-imitated, an observed action. Analyses of these fMRI data revealed a region in the mid-occipital gyrus (MOG) where activity differed between imitation versus counter-imitation in a manner that depended on whether this was intentional or incidental. To identify broader cortical network mechanisms underlying this interaction between intention and imitativeness, we used dynamic causal modelling to pose specific hypotheses which embody assumptions about inter-areal interactions and contextual modulations. These models each incorporated four regions - medial temporal V5 (early motion perception), MOG (action-observation), supplementary motor area (action planning), and anterior insula (executive control) – but differ in their interactions and hierarchical structure. The best model of our data afforded a crucial role for the anterior insula, gating the interaction of supplementary motor area and MOG activity. This provides a novel brain network-based account of task-dependent control over the integration of motor planning and mirror systems, with mirror responses suppressed for intentional counter-imitation.

scholarly journals Resting State Functional Connectivity Predicts Future Changes in Sedentary Behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy P. Morris ◽  
Aaron Kucyi ◽  
Sheeba Arnold Anteraper ◽  
Maiya Rachel Geddes ◽  
Alfonso Nieto-Castañon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Anterior Insula ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Sedentary Behaviors ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
The Right

AbstractInformation about a person’s available energy resources is integrated in daily behavioral choices that weigh motor costs against expected rewards. It has been posited that humans have an innate attraction towards effort minimization and that executive control is required to overcome this prepotent disposition. With sedentary behaviors increasing at the cost of millions of dollars spent in health care and productivity losses due to physical inactivity-related deaths, understanding the predictors of sedentary behaviors will improve future intervention development and precision medicine approaches. In 64 healthy older adults participating in a 6-month aerobic exercise intervention, we use neuroimaging (resting state functional connectivity), baseline measures of executive function and accelerometer measures of time spent sedentary to predict future changes in objectively measured time spent sedentary in daily life. Using cross-validation and bootstrap resampling, our results demonstrate that functional connectivity between 1) the anterior cingulate cortex and the supplementary motor area and 2) the right anterior insula and the left temporoparietal/temporooccipital junction, predict changes in time spent sedentary, whereas baseline cognitive, behavioral and demographic measures do not. Previous research has shown activation in and between the anterior cingulate and supplementary motor area as well as in the right anterior insula during effort avoidance and tasks that integrate motor costs and reward benefits in effort-based decision making. Our results add important knowledge toward understanding mechanistic associations underlying complex sedentary behaviors.

scholarly journals Neural signatures of hyperdirect pathway activity in Parkinson’s disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashwini Oswal ◽  
Chunyan Cao ◽  
Chien-Hung Yeh ◽  
Wolf-Julian Neumann ◽  
James Gratwicke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Internal Globus Pallidus ◽  
Pathway Activity ◽  
High Beta ◽  
Beta Frequency

AbstractParkinson’s disease (PD) is characterised by the emergence of beta frequency oscillatory synchronisation across the cortico-basal-ganglia circuit. The relationship between the anatomy of this circuit and oscillatory synchronisation within it remains unclear. We address this by combining recordings from human subthalamic nucleus (STN) and internal globus pallidus (GPi) with magnetoencephalography, tractography and computational modelling. Coherence between supplementary motor area and STN within the high (21–30 Hz) but not low (13-21 Hz) beta frequency range correlated with ‘hyperdirect pathway’ fibre densities between these structures. Furthermore, supplementary motor area activity drove STN activity selectively at high beta frequencies suggesting that high beta frequencies propagate from the cortex to the basal ganglia via the hyperdirect pathway. Computational modelling revealed that exaggerated high beta hyperdirect pathway activity can provoke the generation of widespread pathological synchrony at lower beta frequencies. These findings suggest a spectral signature and a pathophysiological role for the hyperdirect pathway in PD.

scholarly journals Examining the Neural Correlates of Error Awareness in a Large fMRI Study

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gezelle Dali ◽  
Meadhbh B. Brosnan ◽  
Jeggan Tiego ◽  
Beth Johnson ◽  
Mark Bellgrove ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Supramarginal Gyrus ◽  
Error Awareness ◽  
Insula Cortex

Goal-directed behaviour is dependent upon the ability to detect errors and implement appropriate post-error adjustments. Accordingly, several studies have explored the neural activity underlying error-monitoring processes, identifying the insula cortex as crucial for error awareness and reporting mixed findings with respect to the anterior cingulate cortex. Variable patterns of activation have previously been attributed to insufficient statistical power. We therefore sought to clarify the neural correlates of error awareness in a large event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. Four hundred and two healthy participants undertook the Error Awareness Task, a motor Go/No-Go response inhibition paradigm in which participants were required to indicate their awareness of commission errors. Compared to unaware errors, aware errors were accompanied by significantly greater activity in a network of regions including the insula cortex, supramarginal gyrus, and midline structures such as the anterior cingulate cortex and supplementary motor area. Error awareness activity was related to indices of task performance and dimensional measures of psychopathology in select regions including the insula, supramarginal gyrus and supplementary motor area. Taken together, we identified a robust and reliable neural network associated with error awareness.

scholarly journals How the effects of actions become our own

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (27) ◽  
pp. eaay8301 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Zapparoli ◽  
S. Seghezzi ◽  
E. Zirone ◽  
G. Guidali ◽  
M. Tettamanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Motor Programs ◽  
Physical Consequences ◽  
Post Hoc

Every day, we do things that cause effects in the outside world with little doubt about who caused what. To some, this sense of agency derives from a post hoc reconstruction of a likely causal relationship between an event and our preceding movements; others propose that the sense of agency originates from prospective comparisons of motor programs and their effects. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found that the sense of agency is associated with a brain network including the pre–supplementary motor area (SMA) and dorsal parietal cortex. Transcranial magnetic stimulation affected the sense of agency only when delivered over the pre-SMA and specifically when time-locked to action planning, rather than when the physical consequences of the actions appeared. These findings make a prospective theory of the sense of agency more likely.

Human Supplementary Motor Area Contribution to Predictive Motor Planning

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyad Makoshi ◽  
Gregory Kroliczak ◽  
Paul van Donkelaar
Keyword(s):  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Motor Area

scholarly journals A habenula-insular circuit encodes the willingness to act

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nima Khalighinejad ◽  
Neil Garrett ◽  
Luke Priestley ◽  
Patricia Lockwood ◽  
Matthew F. S. Rushworth
Keyword(s):  
Supplementary Motor Area ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Anterior Insula ◽  
Motor Area ◽  
Nigrostriatal Pathway ◽  
Human Volunteers ◽  
Context Features ◽  
To Receive

AbstractThe decision that it is worth doing something rather than nothing is a core yet understudied feature of voluntary behaviour. Here we study “willingness to act”, the probability of making a response given the context. Human volunteers encountered opportunities to make effortful actions in order to receive rewards, while watching a movie inside a 7 T MRI scanner. Reward and other context features determined willingness-to-act. Activity in the habenula tracked trial-by-trial variation in participants’ willingness-to-act. The anterior insula encoded individual environment features that determined this willingness. We identify a multi-layered network in which contextual information is encoded in the anterior insula, converges on the habenula, and is then transmitted to the supplementary motor area, where the decision is made to either act or refrain from acting via the nigrostriatal pathway.

PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN ROLE PLAYING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR BAHASA INDONESIA SISWA KELAS V SDN 032 KUALU KECAMATAN TAMBANG

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Hasan Basri
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Action Observation ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Student Activity ◽  
Fifth Grade Students ◽  
Average Activity ◽  
Increased Activity

The problem in this research is found in Indonesian subjects that of the 30 students with KKM 75, which has already reached KKM as many as 15 people (41.7%), while that has not reached the KKM as many as 21 students (58.3%). The situation was caused by the teacher in explaining the lesson Indonesian still using a model of lectures and familiarize students to memorize, so that students can develop their ideas. The problems of this study as follows: Is the learning model application role playing can improve learning outcomes Indonesian fifth grade students of SDN 032 Kualu Kecamatan Tambang? This study aims to improve learning outcomes Indonesian grade students of SDN 032 Kualu Kecamatan Tambang through the application of learning models role playing. This research was conducted one month from the month of April 2015. The research was conducted 2 cycles, with each cycle consisting of two meetings as well as twice daily tests. Classroom action research in order to succeed, the researchers set the stage that action planning, action, observation and reflection. Based on the research results, it could be concluded that the activity of teachers in learning implementation role playing, in the first cycle average teacher activity amounted to 62.50% in the category of less pretty, and the activities of teachers in the second cycle of 84.72% in both categories once. Thus there is increased activity of teachers by 22.22% from the first cycle to the second cycle. The average activity of students in the first cycle the percentage of student activity in learning tends to increase. At the first meeting with the average student activity that is 61.25% with the category enough. At the second meeting increased by an average of student activity that is 81.25% with the category enough. The average increase in the activity of the students from the first cycle to the second cycle of 20.00%. The class classically considered complete when a class has achieved a score of 85% of the amount due or to KKM 75 then the class is said to be completed (90.00%). From the above shows that the application of learning models can improve outcomes role playing learning Indonesian grade students of SDN 032 Kualu Kecamatan Tambang, it can be concluded that the hypothesis is accepted as true action.

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