scholarly journals Secondary Attack Rate (SAR) in household contacts of expired primary cases of COVID-19: A study from Western India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Komal Shah ◽  
Nupur Desai ◽  
Dileep Mavalankar
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Western India ◽  
Gujarat State ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Government Records ◽  
New Research ◽  
Previous Pilot Study ◽  
Repeated Contact

AbstractSecondary attack rate (SAR) in household contacts of expired primary COVID-19 cases is not well studied yet. Based on our previous pilot study conducted in Gandhinagar district of Gujarat state, we developed a new research protocol to understand SAR statistics in household contacts of COVID-19 cases that died/expired. The details of expired COVID positive primary cases were obtained from Government records and the details of secondary cases were retrieved using telephonic interviews of the household members. Forty-nine expired cases were registered between March to August, 2020. Out of 49 deaths, 28 families could be reached on phone. Rest were not reachable or refused to give information. These were interviewed after taking verbal consent. The study reported 25% SAR in household contact of expired primary cases with 7.4% of mortality in secondary cases. Though this is representative data only from a single district, it was observed that 75% of the household contacts were still not infected in spite of repeated contact with the sever cases. More such studies in various regions are needed to understand disease transmission.

scholarly journals Household Secondary Attack Rate in Gandhinagar district of Gujarat state from Western India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Komal Shah ◽  
Nupur Desai ◽  
Deepak Saxena ◽  
Dileep Mavalankar ◽  
Umang Mishra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attack Rate ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Western India ◽  
Primary Case ◽  
Gujarat State ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Line Listing ◽  
Average Expenditure ◽  
Close Contacts

Objectives: Current retrospective study aims to evaluate household Secondary Attack Rate (SAR) of COVID-19 in Gandhinagar (rural) district of Gujarat, India. Methods: Line-listing of 486 laboratory-confirmed patients, tested between 28th March to 2nd July was collected, out of them 80 (15% of overall sample) cases were randomly selected. Demographic, clinical and household details of cases were collected through telephonic interview. During interview 28 more patients were identified from the same household and were added accordingly. So, study included 74 unrelated cluster of households with 74 primary cases and 386 close contacts. Results: SAR in household contacts of COVID-19 in Gandhinagar was 8.8%. Out of 108, 8 patients expired (7.4%), where higher mortality was observed in primary cases (9.5%) as compared to secondary cases (3%). Occupational analysis showed that majority of the secondary cases (88%) were not working and hence had higher contact time with patient. No out-of-pocket expenditure occurred in 94% of the patients, in remaining 6% average expenditure of 1,49,633INR (2027 USD) was recorded. Conclusions: Key observations from the study are 1) SAR of 8.8% is relatively low and hence home isolation of the cases can be continued 2) Primary case is more susceptible to fatal outcome as compared to secondary cases 3) Government has covered huge population of the COVID-19 patients under cost protection. However, more robust studies with larger datasets are needed to further validate the findings.

scholarly journals Transmission and serotype features of hand foot mouth disease in household contacts in Dong Thap, Vietnam

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cuong Quoc Hoang ◽  
Thao Thanh Thi Nguyen ◽  
Nguyen Xuan Ho ◽  
Hai Duc Nguyen ◽  
An Binh Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attack Rate ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Index Cases

Abstract Background Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) has emerged as a major public health issue in Vietnam since 2003. We aimed to investigate the household transmission of HFMD and its causative viruses from 150 households in a high incidence province in Vietnam. Methods A longitudinal study was conducted in patients presenting to the provincial hospital with a HFMD-like syndrome, along with their household members between April and August 2014 in Dong Thap Province. Each participant was followed up for 2 weeks. We enrolled 150 patients aged under 15 who were clinically diagnosed with HFMD in Dong Thap Hospital, 600 household members, and 581/600 household members completed the study. All participants were interviewed using a standard questionnaire. Throat swabs and blood samples were taken for molecular detection of viruses and assessment of neutralizing antibodies, respectively. Index cases were defined using a clinical case definition, household contact cases were defined using a similar definition applied to the 2 weeks before admission and 2 weeks after discharge of the index case. Characteristics of index cases, household contacts, the attack rate, serotype features and related factors of HFMD were reported. Result Among 150 index cases, 113 were laboratory confirmed: 90/150 were RT-PCR-positive, 101/142 had a ≥ 4-fold increase of neutralizing antibody against Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), Coxsackievirus (CV) A6 or CV-A16 across the two samples collected. 80/150 (53%) were males, and 45/150 (30%) were under the age of 1. The predominant serotype was CV-A6, identified in 57/87 (65.5%) of the specimens. No deaths were reported. Among 581 household contacts, 148 were laboratory confirmed: 12/581 were RT-PCR-positive, 142/545 had a ≥ 4-fold increase of neutralizing antibodies against EV-A71, CV-A6 or CV-A16; 4 cases experienced HFMD in the past 4 weeks. Attack rate among household contacts was 148/581 (25.5%). In 7/12 (58%) instances, the index and secondary cases were infected with the same serotype. Having a relationship to index case was significantly associated with EV infection. Conclusion The attack rate among household contacts was relatively high (25.5%) in this study and it seems justified to also consider the household setting as an additional target for intervention programs.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Household Transmission of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1943-1946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
Bo Zhang ◽  
Jianhua Lu ◽  
Shihua Liu ◽  
Zhiqiang Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Spousal Relationship ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Household Transmission ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Baseline Characteristics ◽  
Index Cases

Abstract Background Since December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has extended to most parts of China with >80 000 cases and to at least 100 countries with >60 000 international cases as of 15 March 2020. Here we used a household cohort study to determine the features of household transmission of COVID-19. Methods A total of 105 index patients and 392 household contacts were enrolled. Both index patients and household members were tested by SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. Information on all recruited individuals was extracted from medical records and confirmed or supplemented by telephone interviews. The baseline characteristics of index cases and contact patients were described. Secondary attack rates of SARS-CoV-2 to contact members were computed and the risk factors for transmission within the household were estimated. Results Secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 developed in 64 of 392 household contacts (16.3%). The secondary attack rate to children was 4% compared with 17.1% for adults. The secondary attack rate to the contacts within the households with index patients quarantined by themselves since onset of symptoms was 0% compared with 16.9% for contacts without quarantined index patients. The secondary attack rate to contacts who were spouses of index cases was 27.8% compared with 17.3% for other adult members in the households. Conclusions The secondary attack rate of SARS-CoV-2 in household is 16.3%. Age of household contacts and spousal relationship to the index case are risk factors for transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within a household. Quarantine of index patients at home since onset of symptoms is useful to prevent the transmission of SARS-Co-2 within a household.

scholarly journals Secondary Attack Rate among Non-Spousal Household Contacts of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Tsuchiura, Japan, August 2020–February 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 8921
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Ogata ◽  
Fujiko Irie ◽  
Eiko Ogawa ◽  
Shifuko Ujiie ◽  
Aina Seki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Diagnostic Delay ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Mixed Regression ◽  
Household Members ◽  
Linear Mixed Regression Model

Household secondary attack rate (HSAR) by risk factor might have a higher transmission rate between spouses. We investigated risk factors for the HSAR among non-spousal household contacts of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We studied household contacts of index cases of COVID-19 in Tsuchiura, Japan, from August 2020 through February 2021. The HSARs of the whole household contacts and non-spousal household contacts were calculated and compared across risk factors. We used a generalized linear mixed regression model for multivariate analysis. We enrolled 496 household contacts of 236 index COVID-19 cases. The HSAR was higher for spousal household contacts (37.8%) than for other contacts (21.2%). The HSAR was lower for non-spousal household contacts with a household size (number of household members) of two (18.2%), compared to the HSAR for contacts with a household size ≥4. The HSAR was higher for non-spousal household contacts of index patients with ≥3 days of diagnostic delay (period between onset and diagnosis) (26.0%) compared to those with ≤2 days’ delay (12.5%) (p = 0.033). Among non-spousal household contacts, the HSAR was low for those with a household size of two and was high for contacts of index patients with a long diagnostic delay.

scholarly journals An epidemiological investigation of the 2019 suspected pertussis outbreak in northwestern Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 205031212110083
Author(s):  
Omoleke Semeeh ◽  
Biniam Getachew ◽  
Yusuf Taofik ◽  
Lukman Surajudeen ◽  
Assad Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases

Introduction: In 2019, we investigated the profile of the cases and controls and the determinants of pertussis transmission in Kebbi State, Northwestern Nigeria, to inform better immunization and surveillance strategies. Methods: Community-based unmatched case–control study and review of the 2019 pertussis routine surveillance data in the affected settlements in the state were conducted. A total of 52 suspected cases of pertussis and 107 control from two local government areas in Kebbi State were recruited. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The highest attack rate was observed among between 1- and 4-year age group followed by children less than 1-year old, and the least attack rate was among those above 15 years. The overall attack rate and the case fatality rate were 2.10% and 0.10%, respectively. A higher attack rate was observed among women, whereas the case fatality rate was more among males. From the community survey, we observed that the cases were less likely to have pertussis vaccination history (adjusted odds ratio = 0.28, 95% confidence interval = 0.11–0.74) compared with the controls. Knowing pertussis prevention methods were found protective for pertussis transmission (adjusted odds ratio = 0.14, 95% confidence interval = 0.04–0.45). Conclusion: This study showed the vulnerability of children under 5 years, especially under 1 year, to vaccine-preventable diseases in rural populations, where “real” immunization coverage is sub-optimal, and the dominant socio-demographic factors are supportive of disease transmission. We found immunization and knowledge of the preventive measures to be protective against pertussis outbreaks. Therefore, routine immunization services must be intensified to improve coverage and prevent future pertussis outbreak(s).

scholarly journals Status of Isoetes coromandeliana L.f. and Equisetum debile Roxb. ex Voucher in Gujarat State, Western India

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-443
Author(s):  
Suresh K. PATEL ◽  
Ronak N. KACHHIYAPATEL ◽  
Anirudh P. SINGH ◽  
Kishore S. Rajput
Keyword(s):  
Field Work ◽  
Western India ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Legal Action ◽  
Work Study ◽  
Current Field ◽  
Gujarat State ◽  
New Location ◽  
Conservation And Management ◽  
Near Threatened

Occurrence of Isoetes coromandeliana L.f. in natural ponds of Harni, Savali and Tuwa (India) is known since 1956 by earlier workers. Equisetum debile Roxb. ex Voucher was also reported in 1962 growing as wild at Savali. Available literature indicates that I. coromandeliana falls under the category of ‘near threatened’ in Asian continents and as an ‘endangered species’ at national (India) level. In the current field work study, the authors could not locate the investigated species from the locations earlier documented by researchers. Few saplings of I. coromandeliana were observed at Talod and Vaktapur near Gandhinagar, a new location for the species. In contrast, E. debile appeared to be lost in wild from Gujarat. Their extinction from earlier reported locations is associated with anthropogenic pressure and thus legal action for their protection is needed. The present paper suggests further survey and habitat based studies and recommends conservation and management action plans based upon the ecology of the habitat.

scholarly journals Secondary Attack Rate of COVID-19 in Non-Household Contacts - A Systematic Review of Global Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (04) ◽  
pp. 97-107
Author(s):  
Komal Shah ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Global Studies ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Prolonged Contact ◽  
Data Gaps ◽  
Casual Contact ◽  
Close Family

Objective: Secondary Attack Rate (SAR) of COVID-19 varies across various populations. We aim to assess global articles reporting SAR in non-household contacts of COVID-19 patients through systematic review approach. Methods: Four databases - MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Google Scholar and EMBASE were systematically searched for retrieval of articles reporting SAR of COVID-19 in various contacts. Initial search provided 436 articles, which through series of evaluation finally yielded 14 articles. Result: Findings suggested that SAR in various contacts varies widely. Substantial number of studies (50%) were from China; however, the two largest studies were from India. Irrespective of type of contacts, overall SAR ranged from 0.55-6%. Highest risk was found from non-household close (family, friends) contacts (2.2-22.31%) followed by casual contact (travel, meal and health-care contacts). In spite of prolonged contact with the patients, SAR was lowest in health-care workers (0-7.3%). Review highlighted that the included studies were suffering from limitations of missing data and continuously evolving operational guidelines. Conclusion: The review showed that studies furnishing SAR data in non-household contacts are limited in number and exact mode of transmission is yet not clear. Six-percent of overall SAR indicates that though the disease is infectious in nature and proper precautions must be taken, not everybody that comes in contact with the index case is infected. However, with greater risk in non-household close contacts, it is important to identify vulnerable population and implement effective preventive strategies in them. Review also indicated serious data gaps in the published literature and stipulated need of more global studies.

Constraints on the Mantle Sources of the Deccan Traps from the Petrology and Geochemistry of the Basalts of Gujarat State (Western India)

1995 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 1393-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. MELLUSO ◽  
L. BECCALUVA ◽  
P. BROTZU ◽  
A. GREGNANIN ◽  
A. K. GUPTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deccan Traps ◽  
Western India ◽  
Gujarat State ◽  
Mantle Sources ◽  
Petrology And Geochemistry

scholarly journals Effectiveness of vaccinating household contacts in addition to chemoprophylaxis after a case of meningococcal disease: a systematic review

2008 ◽  
Vol 136 (11) ◽  
pp. 1441-1447 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. HOEK ◽  
H. CHRISTENSEN ◽  
W. HELLENBRAND ◽  
P. STEFANOFF ◽  
M. HOWITZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meningococcal Disease ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Primary Case ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Unpublished Report

SUMMARYWe performed a systematic review to estimate the effectiveness of vaccination, in addition to chemoprophylaxis, in preventing meningococcal disease among household contacts. Medline, EMBASE, EMGM, and EUIBIS were used for data collection. Studies reporting on at least 100 primary cases and on subsequent cases in household settings with follow-up of more than 2 weeks after onset of disease in the primary case were reviewed. A meta-analysis was used to calculate the average attack rate in household contacts given chemoprophylaxis 14–365 days after onset of disease in the primary case. In total, 652 studies were identified, five studies and one unpublished report met the inclusion criteria. The weighted average attack rate was 1·1/1000 household contacts (95% CI 0·7–1·7). This review supports vaccination of household contacts in addition to chemoprophylaxis to reduce the risk of meningococcal disease among household contacts of a case caused by a vaccine-preventable serogroup.

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